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OCR alevel glaciated landscapes full module summary notes

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  • Grado
  • Glaciated landscapes
  • Institución
  • OCR

This document contains all the information and more than you need to get As in your exams. Inside has relevant and up to date facts and figures from the textbook and secondary research. You only need to remember a few facts for the top marks. Use these notes alongside your lessons or use them as a ...

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Información del documento

  • 3 de noviembre de 2022
  • 31
  • 2021/2022
  • Resumen

Temas

  • glaciers
  • ice sheets
  • glaciated landscapes
  • glaciofluvial
  • proglacial
  • glacial
  • meltwater
  • ocr
  • a level
  • geography
  • permafrost
  • periglacial
  • landscapes
  • systems
  • weathering
  • erosion
  • landforms
  • deposition

Escuela, estudio y materia

  • A/AS Level
  • OCR
  • Geography
  • Glaciated landscapes
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1a) systems
Glaciated landscapes - parts of earth shaped by glaciers in the past and present.

Geological time scale - system of chronological measurement used to describe
timing and relationships between events in earth's history

Past distributions - ice ages
• long term reduction in earths temperature, continental and polar ice
sheets expand
• Last ice age - Pleistocene glaciation - 2mil till 10,000 years ago
• During ice ages there are
o Glacial periods - cold and dry climate where ice grows
o Interglacial periods - warmer periods where ice and valley glaciers
retreat (present - Holocene)

Present glacier activity
• High latitude areas - Greenland
• High altitude areas - the Alps
• Local scale factors - relief / slope aspect

Glaciers
• mass of ice in motion
• Powerful erosion agent - when it moves it picks up sediment and along
with heavy weight erodes the land

Systems - transfer and store energy through inputs, outputs, throughput and
stores

Open system - energy and matter can enter from neighbouring systems as
inputs or be transferred to neighbouring systems as outputs

Dynamic equilibrium - system responds to disturbance and changes till
equilibrium is restored

Positive feedback - changes enhance

Glacier mass balance
• Difference between accumulation and ablation
• Positive mass balance - accumulation > ablation
• Negative mass balance - ablation > accumulation
• Equilibrium - ablation = accumulation

Accumulation zone
• Positive mass balance
• Origin of glacier high in the mountains where snowfall is high leads to
formation of ice
• Factors affecting growth:
o Climate - shorter summers mean less ablation and snow remains
permanent
o Further snow - gradual accumulation of snowing turning to firn,
then ice.

, o Aspect

Ablation zone
• Negative mass balance
• Snout of glacier - lower elevations have higher average temps so ice
melts
• Factors affecting decay:
o Higher summer temps - lead to negative mass balance causing
retreat
o Calving

Inputs
• Precipitation
• Thermal energy
• Potential energy
• Kinetic energy
• Melt water
• Avalanches
• Material (from deposition etc.)

Outputs
• Sediment
• Calving
• Ablation
• Sublimation
• Evaporation
• meltwater




1b) influences on glaciated landscapes

,CLIMATE:
• Wind:
o Can shape landscape through aeolian processes (wind driven
processes like erosion, deposition and transport) in particularly fine
material deposited by meltwater
• Precipitation:
o Major input (snow, rain, sleet) in glacial system
o Can be affected by latitude, altitude and seasonal variation
o High in high altitude but low in high latitude
o Higher altitudes have greater seasonal variation than higher
latitudes
o The greater seasonal variation the greater variation in mass
balance
• Temperatures:
o Temps >0ºC = higher ablation and outputs
o Greater variation in high altitudes as there is seasonal variation
o High latitudes have less temp variation but never >0ºC so despite
low precipitation ice sheets are thick

Altitude
o Even at low latitudes highest points have ice
o Temp decreases at rate of 0.6ºC/100m increase in height

Latitude
o High latitude = dry/little seasonal variation
o Contrasts to high altitudes in low latitudes as there is more seasonal
variation so dynamic valley glaciers will shape the landscape more

GEOLOGY:
• Lithology - physical/chemical composition of rocks
o Basalt - strong structure with interlocking crystals make it more
resistant to erosion
o Limestone - chemically weaker and soluble in weak acids makes it
more vulnerable to chemical weathering
• Structure - properties of individual rocks
o Jointed/permeable rock - allows water through joints and can easily
exploit joints through solution and freeze thaw processes
o Porous rocks - presence of small air spaces allows water to enter
and freeze thaw and solution can take place
o Angle of dip - where rocks incline profiles follow the angle - valleys
sides are steeper where there is horizontally bedded rock

Relief
o The steeper the relief the more potential energy due to the greater force
of gravity so the glacier will have more energy to move downslope

Aspect - direction a slope faces
o Facing away from the sun means temps will remain 0ºC for longer so less
melting will take place and they will have a positive mass balance
making them advance downslope
o The higher the mass balance the larger the erosive power the glacier has
so greater shaping of landscape

, Melt water
o Can be input/output
o Increases velocity of glacier so reaches lower altitudes quicker




1c.a) glacial ice formation

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