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Summary International Health Law 2016
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Summary of all the compulsory literature and lectures.
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International Health Law 2016M. Meulman
Week 1
Lecture 1: International Health Law
PART I: International Law
Introduction
• Part I: International Law
• Part II: International Human Rights Law
Aim: influence international law in health law. What’s the impact of IHL on the health care
systems?
Focus: What’s the right of health care?
Definition
• International Law:
Law is about international relationships between countries, always in community with
obligations. Not only about relationships between states. Distinction between public and
private, we focus mainly on public.
Sources of law
Public Int. Law Private Int. Law
Treaties National Law
Customary law Treaties
General principles Customary law (=gewoonterecht)
Court decisions Court decisions
Scholarly commentary Scholarly commentary
In treaties you can find the law, which are agreements between states.
Customary law is not written or codified, not on paper but is considered to be assumed.
Scholarly commentary= when court decisions are not available, we ask lawyers to interpret
the law so that we can use it. Lawyers do legal interpretation, because law is vague.
Treaties
• What are treaties? Protocols, bindings
• Types:
• Country X is a party or not
Treaties are agreements between states, binding between countries. As long as member
states does not ratify, in principle this treaty is not binding for this country.
Structure HR treaties
• Preamble
• General provisions: Purpose, Scope of convention, Definitions
• Chapters on Human Rights
• Interpretation
• Dispute resolution and compliance mechanisms
• Protocols: also treaty, with specific purpose
• Reservations
• Final clauses: Signature, Ratification, and Entry into force
Emphasis is on Human Right (HR) treaties. This is a general structure roughly.
Preamble is the formal intention of treaty.
Reservations: some countries may disagree with the content. In principle we agree, but we
have difficulties with some specific provision so that this is not applicable for that country, the
rest we will accept.
It starts with a signature, than it needs ratification by national parliament, and then
implementation. Ratification is crucial.
Sources for treaties
• Book: International Health Law. Basic Documents 2011
• UN Treaty series
– Human Rights: UNHCHR,
– Intellectual Property Rights: WIPO,
– International Humanitarian Law: ICRC )
• CoE (http://www.conventions.coe.int/)
• Electronic sources (eg, http://treaties.un.org/)
1
, International Health Law 2016
M. Meulman
Other information
• Interpretation:
– Decisions
• International courts and tribunals
- European Court of Human Rights
– Inter-American Court of HR
– ICC, The Hague
• Domestic courts
• Commentary & analysis:
- Books & journal articles
Text can have inconsequences, therefore you need court.
Researching international law
• Locate international instruments (treaty or agreement)
• Locate the text of the treaty
• Status & Ratification information
• Reservations
• Implementing domestic legislation
• Find decisions of (inter)national courts
• Locate relevant background commentary and analysis
First identify the case and think if there is a treaty applicable. Look what is in the treaty, is
your case covered? Has the country ratified the treaty? Then see if the country has made any
reservations. How has international law been implemented? How doe we interpret the text?
PART II: International Human Rights
DEFINITION
• Human rights are the rights that all people have by virtue of being human beings.
• Human rights are derived from the inherent dignity of the human person and are defined
internationally, nationally and locally by various law making bodies.
• (International) Human Rights Law: where you can find it.
Everybody has human rights from birth.
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW SERVES AS:
• A beacon - pulling states towards accepting human rights. Creates obligations to states.
• A safety net - to supplement the national legal system. To stimulate to respect this rights.
• A basis - to ‘mobilise. To force the respect.
HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATIONS OF STATE
• 4 categories:
– Respecting a right means that a state must not violate a particular right.
– Protecting a right means to prevent violations of that right by non-state actors.
– Fulfilling a right means that a state has to take all appropriate measures, like allocating budgetary
resources, to the realisation of that right.
– Promoting a right means that a state must educate
Each country has to include these obligations.
Modern Protection of International Human Rights
• In 1948, the UN General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• The Declaration enumerates civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, but the Declaration
contains no provisions for monitoring or enforcement
• The Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (and its First Optional Protocol) & The Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966)
• The ‘International Bill of Human Rights
Many rights after the WWII. Declaration is not binding. Protocol/treaties are the same.
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR):
• Prohibits discrimination
• Protection right to life
• Prohibits torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment (personal integrity)
• Prohibits slavery
• Prohibits arbitrary arrest or detention
• Protects freedom of opinion and expression
• Protects freedom of association and assembly
• Public emergency exception (but no torture, executions, or slavery is ever permissible)
Some also play a role in healthcare.
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