Possible FRQ Questions AP Human Geography 2021 Exam well solved

Hierarchical Diffusion The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places. Stimulus and Migrant Diffusion A form of diffusion in which a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place. Relocation Diffusion The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another. Spatial Perspective The act of observing variations in geographic phenomena across space, it is how most Geographers look at things. Chain Migration Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there. Step Migration Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city Net Migration The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration. Cultural Landscape The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape time-space compression The increasing sense of connectivity, that seems to be bringing people closer together even though their distances are the same. remote sensing The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods. Large Scale Map shows a small area with much detail; used to see relative location within a region Robinson Projection Projection that attempts to balance several possible projection errors. It does not maintain completely accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but it minimizes errors in each. Field Studies A method that involves observing everyday activities as they happen in a natural setting. GIS (geographic information system) A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data. Pidgin A simplified form of speech developed from two or more languages Esperanto A made-up Latin-based language, which its European proponents in the early twentieth century hoped would become a global language Creole A pidgin language that evolves to the point at which it becomes the primary language of the people who speak it. Creolization Occurs when foreign influences integrate with local meanings. Pinyin The internationally accepted language for China using English alphabet for Chinese sounds. Universalizing Religion Religion that seeks to unite people from all over the globe. Ethic Religion A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated. syncretic religion Separate religions that combine into a new religion; often borrow from the past and the present. Religious Fundamentalism The demand for a strict and extreme adherence to a certain religious or moral doctrine. Agribuisness Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations. Vertical Integration The combination in one company of two or more stages of production normally operated by separate companies. I.E. Dole having it's own trucking company. GMO [genetically modified organism] an organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial genes. Superpests pests resistant to pesticides Algae Blooms A rapid increase in the population and biomass of algae (phytoplankton) in an aquatic system. nomadic pastoralism Farming system where animals (cattle, goats, camels) are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures. Transhumance A seasonal periodic movement of pastoralists and their livestock between highland and lowland pastures. Agriculture density The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture Physiological Density The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture. Population Pyramid A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex. Thomas Malthus's Theory Malthusian growth model, an exponential formula used to project population growth. The theory states that food production will not be able to keep up with growth in the human population, resulting in disease, famine, war, and calamity. Demographic Transition Model A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time. Epidemiological Transition Model The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically. internally displaced person Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border refugee A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster gravity model A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years. doubling time The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. Boserup's Hypothesis of Population (anti-Malthusian) Boserup's theory stated that intensity of agriculture would be driven by a populations size. carrying capacity Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support Natural Increase Rate (NIR) The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate. Overpopulation The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living. Ravenstein's Laws of Migration A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics. Federalism A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments unitary system A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government State An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs. nation a politically organized body of people under a single government nation-state A state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality Devolution the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states dissolution the breaking up into parts; termination of a legal bond or contract political enclave A state, or part of a state, that is completely surrounded by another state political exclave A territorial, political extension of another state, often separated from the mainland of the state by another state or territory ethnic enclave a small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture geometric boundary Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines. Allocational Boundary Dispute A boundary dispute that involves conflicting claims to the natural resources of a border region. physical-political-boundary Political boundaries that correspond with prominent physical features such as mountain ranges or rivers. Cultural-political boundary boundaries that mark breaks in the human landscape based on differences in ethnicity frontier a zone where no state exercises complete political control Weber's Least Cost Theory theory that described the