100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na je betaling Lees online óf als PDF Geen vaste maandelijkse kosten
logo-home
Eerder door jou gezocht
Eerder door jou gezocht
logo
Extensive summary of all B&E3 lectures! $7.25
In winkelwagen
Snel navigeren naar
Voorbeeld
  2.  
  3. Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)
  4.  
  5. B&E3: Cognition, Attitude, Motivation (SOWPSB3BE15E)

Samenvatting

Extensive summary of all B&E3 lectures!
 1 keer verkocht
  • Vak
  • B&E3: Cognition, Attitude, Motivation (SOWPSB3BE15E)
  • Instelling
  • Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)

This lecture contains all the information from the lectures + some additional information from some of the papers, which I felt weren't really explained very well during the lecture. Therefore, this summary basically covers all the exam material, as all the papers are at least briefly mentioned to ...

[Meer zien]

Voorbeeld 3 van de 18  pagina's

Document informatie

  • 9 november 2022
  • 18
  • 2022/2023
  • Samenvatting

Onderwerpen

  • behaviour
  • explicit
  • attitude
  • implicit

Geschreven voor

  • Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen (RU)
  • Psychologie
  • B&E3: Cognition, Attitude, Motivation (SOWPSB3BE15E)
Alle documenten voor dit vak (3)

Verkoper

avatar-seller
PsychologieRadboud

Ontvangen beoordelingen

Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Lecture 1: Thinking Before Doing
Mental representation
any mental content or operation that stands for something else in the world
- categories, symbols, memories, truth values, probabilities …
Function
- classification
- additional attributes
- steering attention and interpretation
- communication
- thinking
Availability & accessibility
- eg. many files: availability is all the files, accessibility is opened file in front of you
- accessibility is activation potential of available knowledge

How is knowledge stored?
- associative network models
- schema models
- predictive coding
- connectionist models
- multiple format models
- embodied cognition
- situated cognition

Associative network models
conceptual representation that views memory as consisting of set of nodes and interconnecting links where
nodes represent stored info or concepts and links represent the strength of association between this info or
concepts
- parallel (ie. spreading activation) and serial (ie. intentionally performing search) versions of this theory

Bruner’s Schema models
- operating like a lens and thereby directing attention, memory and judgment
- no nodes, but about relationship about situation and schema that we have (eg. relationship between
present objects and people)

Predictive coding
- related to schema models
- prior = prediction about something
- affects perception
- posterior = comparison between perception and prior
- sees brain as machine that predicts future and tests whether prediction fits actual situation
- if not, change prior
- mars bar always tastes same → strong prior & apple does not → less strong prior

Connectionist model
connectionism = parallel distributed processing
- nodes do not have semantic meaning (like in associative network models)
- facilitative and inhibitory links
- concepts exist by means of dynamic interplay of distributed elements
- representations are seen as emergent patterns of connected nodes
- different representations are only different activity patterns in same nodes; semantic info is not
‘stored’ anywhere
- input, connection weights (hidden) and output elements
- cells that fire together, wire together

, - local connectionist models = same as connectionist model, but some nodes do have semantic
meaning

Multiple format models
separate systems → semantic, procedural and affective memory system

Embodied cognition
do mental representations extend outside mind, both to body and external environment?
- eg. when thinking about coffee, not just associations like ‘caffeine’ and ‘hot beverage’ come to mind,
also smell and taste → sensory info in addition to knowledge
- info about what it is like to experience something as being in possession of human body
- cognition is automatically linked to bodily experience because through this knowledge is
gathered in the first place
- representations are modality-specific
- stored ‘in the body’
- partial re-experience

Situated cognition
mental representation result form dynamic interactions between brain, body and environment

Impulsive vs. reflective behavior: ‘Four horsemen’ of automaticity
1. Level of consciousness
2. Level of intentionality
- more intentional is less automatic
3. Level of controllability
- more controlled is less automatic (eg. breathing is not controlled)
4. Level of efficiency
- amount of mental resources something costs

Reflective impulsive system
Two systems working in parallel that elicited behavior through different processes:
- impulsive → always activated
- reflective → needs motivation and opportunity to be activated
- uses knowledge representation to make propositions based on associations
Impulsive processes
- purely based on associations
- behavior within impulsive system is based on spreading activation (like associative network models) of
knowledge to motor representations according to ideo-motor processes (= thinking about behavior is
enough to trigger behavior)
- activated associations directly influence behavior
- eg. seeing older person → activate associations → affects behavior: walking more slowly
Reflective processes
- behavior in reflective system is based on choices
- choices may, by means of intentions, activate motor-representations in impulsive system
- choices can based on full consideration of pros and cons, intuition or anything in between
Strack & Deutsch: Only if there is sufficient processing time, intention and cognitive capacity to extract
meaning of a negation, will reflective system be engaged and task be successfully completed
- instruction not to perform behavior certain behavior may strengthen link to behavior schema that
produces undesired behavior
- eg. seeing ‘do not litter’ without enough processing time, intention and/or cognitive capacity →
‘do not litter’ is not negated and will be interpreted by impulsive system as ‘do litter’

Understanding priming effects
- empirical (in)consistency → failure to replicate findings

, - theoretical aspects → what models do we use to predict the effect of a prime?

Empirical (in)consistency
- conceptual priming seems very robust phenomenon
- items with similar meaning are primed
- behavior priming effects seem difficult to replicate
- exposing people to external stimulus activates mental construct associated with stimulus →
affect behavior without actor necessarily being aware of influence
- many studies were underpowered
- behavior priming effects: false positive?
- despite underpowered, many empirical evidence for small behavioral priming effect

Theoretical aspect
- process is critical, not prime itself
- moderators (eg. value, self-relevance)
- new models: how does prime affect behavior?
- eg. situated inference model

Situated inference model
1. Prime exposure
- primes produce general construct accessibility which is used flexibly
- priming stimulus → general construct accessibility → …
2. Misattribution
- accessible content is misattributed to one’s own response
- … accessible content is assumed to be caused by perception of focal target → …
3. Afforded questions
- misattributed content is used to answer question afforded by focal target
- … person, object or event (‘who is that?’) → construal priming
- … appropriate behavior (‘what will I do?’) → behavior priming
- … current motivation (‘what do I want?’) → goal priming
Different from reflective impulsive model where association directly leads to behavior (= ideo-motor idea)
- need to misattribute prime to own perception first!

Lecture 2: Attitudes in Action
Attitude
psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor
- tendency → doesn’t have to be stable; context dependent
- evaluating
- particular entity → eg. things, products, persons, ideas, behaviors

Functions of attitudes
- knowledge & utility function → eg. having an allergy
- value-expressive function → similar attitudes help to bond (social adaptive function)

Measuring attitudes
- explicit measures
- semantic differentials → using contrasting adjectives about certain object
- implicit measures
- affective priming procedure → classify positive or negative adjective and measure response
time

How are attitudes mentally represented?
1. Dual model
2. MODE-model

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper PsychologieRadboud. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor $7.25. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 64419 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Begin nu gratis

Laatst bekeken door jou

College aantekeningen ·

(0)

Samenvatting colleges 1C1 - stoornissen in voeding, metabolisme en hormoonregulatie

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

Pharmacology Final Exam REVIEW!!!! 2024/2025 already graded A+

Voordeelbundel ·

(0)

NCC EFM EXAM LATEST 2024 REAL EXAM 400 QUESTIONS AND DETAIED ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) AGRADE

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

CWV 301 Final Exam Review: Questions & Answers: Guaranteed A+ Guide

$7.25  1x  verkocht
  • (0)
In winkelwagen
Toegevoegd