Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology
2022 Module 10 Exam
Question 1
Describe 4 functions of the skeleton.
Your Answer:
The skeleton is the site for muscle attachment and the production of blood cells,
protects vital organs and soft tissue structures, and stores calcium and other minerals.
The skeleton acts as a framework for our bodies; it serves as a site for muscle
attachment; it protects vital organs and soft tissue structures; it stores calcium and other
minerals; it is the site where blood cells are produced. *note – only 4 are required.
Question 2
Name the 2 major skeletal divisions and the bones that comprise each.
Your Answer: The 2 major skeletal divisions are axial and appendicular. The bones of
skull, thorax and the vertebral column makes up the axial skeleton. Bones of the upper
and lower extremities, pectoral and pelvic girdles make up the appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton is made up of the bones of the skull, thorax, and the vertebral
column. The appendicular skeleton is made up of the bones of the upper and lower
extremities as well as the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
,Question 3
Compare and contrast cortical bone and cancellous bone.
Your Answer:
Cortical bone is composed of a densely packed extracellular matrix that forms the hard,
external layer of bones, while cancellous bone forms the interior of bones and
composed of trabeculae and bone marrow. Cortical bone is found in the appendicular
skeleton of the diaphysis in long bones. Cancellous bone is found in the axial skeleton
between the cortices of smaller flat and short bones.
Cortical bone forms the hard, outer shell of bone while cancellous bone forms the
interior aspect of bone. Cortical bone has a densely packed extracellular matrix giving it
its rigidity while cancellous bone is composed of trabeculae and bone marrow.
Question 4
List the 4 shapes of bone and give an example of each.
Your Answer:
Long bones: femur.
Short bones: carpels.
Flat bones: bones of the skull.
Irregular bones: vertebrae.
Long bones – femur or humerus; short bones – carpals or tarsal bones; flat bones –
scapula or bones of the skull; irregular bones – vertebrae
, Question 5
Describe the structure and function of the extracellular matrix of osseous tissue.
Your Answer:
The extracellular matrix of osseous is calcified. This allows the bones to support the
body's weight while also protecting the soft tissue structures beneath it. The matrix is
divided into organic matrix and inorganic matrix. Organic matrix is made up of collagen
fibers and ground substances which contains proteins and polysaccharides. They are
associated with the metabolic functions for bone growth and repair. Inorganic matrix is
made up of calcium phosphate. Calcium phosphate has an active role in cell adhesion
and tissue formation by affecting the absorption of extracellular matrix proteins.
The extracellular matrix of osseous or bone tissue is calcified or hardened. This feature
gives bone its ability to support the weight of the body and provide protection to the soft
tissue structures that lie beneath it. The extracellular matrix can be divided into the
organic matrix and
the inorganic matrix. The organic matrix (of bone and other connective tissue types) is
composed of collagen fibers and ground substance. Ground substance, composed of
proteins and polysaccharides, plays an important role in metabolic functions required for
bone growth and repair. The inorganic matrix is composed mostly of calcium phosphate.
It also contains carbonate, magnesium, sodium, and other heavy metals, such as lead,
that may have been removed from circulation.
Be familiar with Figure 10.3 – the structure and blood supply of laminar or mature bone.
2022 Module 10 Exam
Question 1
Describe 4 functions of the skeleton.
Your Answer:
The skeleton is the site for muscle attachment and the production of blood cells,
protects vital organs and soft tissue structures, and stores calcium and other minerals.
The skeleton acts as a framework for our bodies; it serves as a site for muscle
attachment; it protects vital organs and soft tissue structures; it stores calcium and other
minerals; it is the site where blood cells are produced. *note – only 4 are required.
Question 2
Name the 2 major skeletal divisions and the bones that comprise each.
Your Answer: The 2 major skeletal divisions are axial and appendicular. The bones of
skull, thorax and the vertebral column makes up the axial skeleton. Bones of the upper
and lower extremities, pectoral and pelvic girdles make up the appendicular skeleton.
The axial skeleton is made up of the bones of the skull, thorax, and the vertebral
column. The appendicular skeleton is made up of the bones of the upper and lower
extremities as well as the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
,Question 3
Compare and contrast cortical bone and cancellous bone.
Your Answer:
Cortical bone is composed of a densely packed extracellular matrix that forms the hard,
external layer of bones, while cancellous bone forms the interior of bones and
composed of trabeculae and bone marrow. Cortical bone is found in the appendicular
skeleton of the diaphysis in long bones. Cancellous bone is found in the axial skeleton
between the cortices of smaller flat and short bones.
Cortical bone forms the hard, outer shell of bone while cancellous bone forms the
interior aspect of bone. Cortical bone has a densely packed extracellular matrix giving it
its rigidity while cancellous bone is composed of trabeculae and bone marrow.
Question 4
List the 4 shapes of bone and give an example of each.
Your Answer:
Long bones: femur.
Short bones: carpels.
Flat bones: bones of the skull.
Irregular bones: vertebrae.
Long bones – femur or humerus; short bones – carpals or tarsal bones; flat bones –
scapula or bones of the skull; irregular bones – vertebrae
, Question 5
Describe the structure and function of the extracellular matrix of osseous tissue.
Your Answer:
The extracellular matrix of osseous is calcified. This allows the bones to support the
body's weight while also protecting the soft tissue structures beneath it. The matrix is
divided into organic matrix and inorganic matrix. Organic matrix is made up of collagen
fibers and ground substances which contains proteins and polysaccharides. They are
associated with the metabolic functions for bone growth and repair. Inorganic matrix is
made up of calcium phosphate. Calcium phosphate has an active role in cell adhesion
and tissue formation by affecting the absorption of extracellular matrix proteins.
The extracellular matrix of osseous or bone tissue is calcified or hardened. This feature
gives bone its ability to support the weight of the body and provide protection to the soft
tissue structures that lie beneath it. The extracellular matrix can be divided into the
organic matrix and
the inorganic matrix. The organic matrix (of bone and other connective tissue types) is
composed of collagen fibers and ground substance. Ground substance, composed of
proteins and polysaccharides, plays an important role in metabolic functions required for
bone growth and repair. The inorganic matrix is composed mostly of calcium phosphate.
It also contains carbonate, magnesium, sodium, and other heavy metals, such as lead,
that may have been removed from circulation.
Be familiar with Figure 10.3 – the structure and blood supply of laminar or mature bone.
