England 1445–1509:Lancastrians,Yorkists + HenryVII
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Summary war of the roses chapters 1-3
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England 1445–1509:Lancastrians,Yorkists + HenryVII
Institution
OCR
Book
OCR A Level History
I'm a student who finished my A-levels and received an A in history I wrote these notes as part of my revision and the documents are a complete summary of the textbook, however, you have to have at least read the textbook before using the notes otherwise it won't make sense as it focuses only on ke...
England 1445–1509:Lancastrians,Yorkists + HenryVII
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Chapter 1: the outbreak of the wars 1445-1450
How was England governed in 1445?
HVI had already been on the throne for 23 years & achieved majority rule in 1437, but failed to live
up to his father’s expectations
Role of medieval king was extremely important in governing country as his actions and
decisions were vital but HVI wasn’t an active king liked prayer more
What problems did the nobility cause, 1445-50?
Didn’t handle nobility well his favs could dictate his actions, caused exclusion & resentment to grow
Major nobles were closely related to king (Gloucester & York) both heir presumptive ( y
1447& G before his death in 1447)
Suffolk lord chamberlain 1447 king’s fav (caused resentment to grow in Y as he believed it
was his birth right)
G appalled at Truce of Tours, 1444. Rumours Suffolk killed him in 1447
Without strong hand of a king to control the nobility, resulted in certain abuses of power & disputes
of land
Lawyers hired to investigate claims to land and violence was resorted to obtain land
Protection of the ‘right noblemen’ (Suffolk faction) injustice & violence increased towards
end of 1440 prompted by actions of
Courtenay’s and Bonville’s in the SW
What problems did Henry VI’s advisers cause?
Suffolk made enemies of y & G due to being Lord Chamberlain as the nobles closely related to king
were to be his advisers
S was accused for losses in France due to being a part of the handing over of Maine in 1445
as part of marriage agreement
S faction associated with mismanagement of royal funds, as they were given a
disproportionate amount of royal grants
Crown household couldn’t cover costs so used tax £ for war to pay crown debts
Nov 1449, parliament charged Suffolk of treason & was locked in TOL in Jan 1450 due to
financial corruption, corruption legal system, misgovt. & encouraging Charles VII to wage
war
S died in 1450 after being exiled for 5 years
How well did henry VI manage his financial resources?
HVI, poor financial position due to funding war with France which resulted in debt
Lack of judgement in the handling of patronage (p) resulted in exploitation of P as he gave it
to his favs and not to expand his influence and support of nobles just made those nobles (y)
feel more excluded and increase resentment
, Worsened crown finances , parliament tried to reverse grants ( act of resumption 1450)
What were the problems between York and Somerset, 1445-50?
Rivalry of York and Somerset led to the first battle of the WOR in 1455
Y resented being replaced by Somerset as Lieutenant General in France
Y was sent to Ireland( seen as political exile) in 1447 but didn’t leave for another 2 years
Y blamed Somerset for key losses in France ( Rouen, Normandy 1449)
Y annoyed that Somerset had loans repaid promptly by crown while he didn’t ( crown owed
him £38,000)
What was the impact of the failure in France on the government?
Under HV England used to be victorious against the French, but situation was reversed when HVI
came to power to the point that many feared of French invasion
1435 Burgundy switched allegiances to new king of France ( Charles VII) who was a more
effective king
1450 august loss of Normandy
Cade’s rebellion 1450, reduction in trade coast places in Sussex & Kent were attacked
Why did opposition to the government grow, 1445-50?
High levels of tax that funded disasters in France had left govt. facing accusation of mishandling £
Accusations of incompetence, interference in the judicial process and evil counsel
Public focused anger towards Suffolk
What were the causes and consequences of Cade’s rebellion, 1450?
Rising begun in May at Kent, led by man called jack cade also known as John Mortimer
Causes, Murder of Suffolk was a key trigger for the rebellion:
Taxes were unfairly levied & had been increased as HVI gave so much land to favs
Justice was impartially administered
Fav lords were allowed to hold office despite being responsible for misgovt. At home &
losses in France
Wanted political reform and saw York as the one to lead it as adviser to king, only wanted
restoration of govt., blamed ‘evil advisers’ for these issues not HVI
Cade managed to march into London but the army pillaged & looted resulting in them being
chucked out. MOA promised rebels pardon but was shortly revoked
Cade was killed in Sussex and his head was on a pike in London
Consequences
Demonstrated HVI inability to cope in a crisis & highlighted the extent in which his govt. had failed
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