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Samenvatting Differentiële Psychologie
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Samenvatting van differentiële psychologie aan de VUB. Gedoceerd door prof. Rossi in academiejaar . Samenvatting is normaal volledig. Had 17/20 in eerste zit.
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DIFFERENTIËLE PSYCHOLOGIESamenvatting
Abstract
Hoorcolleges + handboek (examenleertof)
Justine Michiels
[Email address
,Contents
HOC........................................................................................................................................................4
1. Inleiding persoonlijkheidspsychologie...............................................................................................4
1.1. Klassieke theorieën.....................................................................................................................4
2. Dispositionele domein: persoonlijkheidstrekken over de tijd: stabiliteit vs. verandering..................6
2.1. Wat is persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling?.........................................................................................7
2.1.1. Twee vormen van stabiliteit.................................................................................................7
2.1.2. Persoonlijkheidsverandering: twee definiërende kwaliteiten..............................................7
2.1.3. 3 niveaus van analyse..........................................................................................................8
2.2. Stabiliteit van persoonlijkheidstrekken over de tijd....................................................................9
2.2.1. Stabiliteit van temperament gedurende de eerste levensjaren (baby & peutertijd)...........9
2.2.2. Stabiliteit doorheen kinderjaren........................................................................................10
2.2.3. Rangorde stabiliteit in volwassenheid...............................................................................12
2.3. Persoonlijkheidsverandering: enkele aspecten die meer opvallend zijn...................................14
2.3.1. Veranderingen in zelfwaarde gevoel van adolescentie naar volwassenheid.....................14
2.3.2. Sensatiebelustheid.............................................................................................................16
2.3.3. Cohorte effecten................................................................................................................17
2.3.4. Persoonlijkheidscoherentie over tijd: voorspelling van sociaal relevante uitkomsten.......18
2.3.5. Persoonlijkheidsfluctuatie..................................................................................................19
3. Biologisch domein: genen en persoonlijkheid.................................................................................20
3.1. Inleiding....................................................................................................................................21
3.2. Het menselijk genoom..............................................................................................................21
3.3. Controverse over genen & persoonlijkheid..............................................................................22
3.3.1. Doelen van gedragsgenetica..............................................................................................22
3.3.2. Methoden in gedragsgenetica...........................................................................................24
3.3.3. Belangrijkste bevindingen van gedragsgenetisch onderzoek.............................................26
3.4. Omgevingsinvloeden.................................................................................................................28
3.5. Moleculaire genetica................................................................................................................31
3.6. Gedragsgenetica, wetenschap, politiek & waarden..................................................................32
4. Biologisch domein: Fysiologische benaderingen van persoonlijkheid.............................................33
4.1. Inleiding, begrippen, en geschiedenis.......................................................................................33
4.2. Fysiologische maten in persoonlijkheidsonderzoek..................................................................34
4.3. Persoonlijkheidsdimensies met fysiologisch substraat.............................................................39
5. Biologisch domein: Evolutionaire benadering van persoonlijkheid.................................................49
5.1. Evolutietheorie.........................................................................................................................49
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, 5.1.1. Basistheorie en principes...................................................................................................49
5.1.2. Producten van evolutionaire processen.............................................................................52
5.2. Evolutionaire psychologie.........................................................................................................53
5.3. 3 domeinen van toepassing:.....................................................................................................54
5.3.1. Menselijke natuur..............................................................................................................54
5.3.2. Geslachtsverschillen...........................................................................................................57
5.3.3. Individuele verschillen.......................................................................................................59
5.4. Beperkingen van evolutionaire benadering..............................................................................62
6. Cognitieve/ ervaringsdomein: Intelligentie......................................................................................64
6.1. Inleiding....................................................................................................................................64
6.2. Benaderingen & geschiedenis van intelligentie........................................................................67
6.2.1. Psychometrisch..................................................................................................................67
6.2.2. Cognitief-ervaringsgericht..................................................................................................75
6.2.3. Biologisch...........................................................................................................................75
6.3. Intelligentietesten.....................................................................................................................77
6.3.1. Stanford-Binet test & Weschler schaal..............................................................................77
6.3.2. Progressieve matrices van Raven (algemene intelligentie)................................................82
6.3.3. Moderne intelligentietesten..............................................................................................83
6.3.4. Andere benaderingen van intelligentietesten....................................................................83
6.4. Genetica, omgeving & etnische/ ras verschillen in intelligentie................................................84
6.4.1. Genetica.............................................................................................................................84
6.4.2. Omgeving...........................................................................................................................85
6.4.3. Ras.....................................................................................................................................86
7. Cognitieve/ ervaringsdomein: persoonlijkheid & Emoties...............................................................87
7.1. Inleiding....................................................................................................................................87
7.2. Twee belangrijke onderverdelingen.........................................................................................89
7.2.1. Toestand versus trek..........................................................................................................89
7.2.2. Categorieën versus dimensies............................................................................................89
7.3. Emotionele inhoud....................................................................................................................92
7.3.1. Dieper ingaan op specifieke emoties.................................................................................92
7.3.2. Emotionele stijl..................................................................................................................99
7.4. Hoe ervaren mensen emoties?...............................................................................................100
8. Sociale en culturele kennisdomein: persoonlijkheid en sociale interactie.....................................101
8.1. Selectie....................................................................................................................................102
8.2. Evocatie..................................................................................................................................106
8.3. Manipulatie.............................................................................................................................109
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, 9. Geslacht, gender, en persoonlijkheid............................................................................................114
9.1. Wat betekent het man of vrouw te zijn?................................................................................114
9.2. De studie van geslachtsverschillen..........................................................................................114
9.2.1. Geschiedenis van de studie van geslachtsverschillen......................................................115
9.2.2. Effect grootte...................................................................................................................115
9.3. Theorieën van geslachtsverschillen........................................................................................116
9.3.1. Socialisatie & sociale rollen..............................................................................................116
9.3.2. Hormonale theorieën.......................................................................................................118
9.3.3. Evolutionair psychologische theorieën............................................................................119
9.3.4. Een geïntegreerd theoretisch perspectief........................................................................119
9.4. Geslachtsverschillen in persoonlijkheid..................................................................................120
9.4.1. Temperament bij kinderen..............................................................................................120
9.4.2. Big Five.............................................................................................................................120
9.4.3. 16 persoonlijkheidsfactoren............................................................................................121
9.4.4. Emoties: frequentie & intensiteit.....................................................................................122
9.4.5. Andere aspecten van persoonlijkheid..............................................................................122
9.4.6. Geslachtsverschillen bij depressie....................................................................................123
9.4.7. Geslachtsverschillen in jaloezie........................................................................................123
9.5. Mannelijkheid, vrouwelijkheid, androgynie & sekse rollen....................................................124
9.5.1. Gender (sekse) stereotypen.............................................................................................125
10. Cultuur en persoonlijkheid...........................................................................................................126
10.1. Inleiding................................................................................................................................127
10.1.1. Morele verschillen in cultuur.........................................................................................127
10.1.2. Doelen culturele persoonlijkheidspsychologie...............................................................127
10.2. Belangrijke benaderingen.....................................................................................................128
10.2.1. Uitgelokte cultuur..........................................................................................................128
10.2.2. Overgedragen cultuur....................................................................................................130
10.2.3. Culturele universaliteit...................................................................................................137
10.3. Emoties.................................................................................................................................137
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