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Chemistry chemical reactions-equilibrium, haber process, reaction rates

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factors that affect the rate of reactions, how are reaction rates affected, how does concentration affect rate of reaction, how does surface area affect rate of reaction, how does pressure affect rate of reactions, how does temperature affect rates of reaction, graph of reaction rate, physical chan...

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  • November 14, 2022
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  • 2022/2023
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l r e a e
n s
C n e m i e a f i o
:




slow reactions


and fast :




slow : medium : fast :




-


ripening of fruits
-



burning of fuels -

explosives
( TNT )




factors that affect the rate of a reaction :





surface area ↳
pressure
↳ concentration of reactants ↳ catalysts ( enzymes )


temperature where the chemical reaction occurs .




collision theory :
-




for products formed the collision must have certain minimum amount of
energy activation


to be ,
a known as



energy .
without catalyst

-
y with catalyst
- -
- activation
energy
£
>
overall


s
> - - -

f- - - -



energy
o reactants change


products

>
°
of reaction
progress


-
concentration :




number of given volume
particles

measure of in a




increase in concentration , increases reaction rate


-

pressure :


of reactions that involve increases reaction rate
increase pressure gases the
-



, .




temperature :
-




(gains kinetic energy molecules collide )
temperature frequently
-



increase increases reaction rate more so the more
, ,



-
surface area :




i

increase surface area increases reaction rate ( powder )
,



-

catalyst :




-



speeds up a chemical reaction without being and isn't changed by the reaction
used up
.




becanse
.


,
collisions
happen more
frequently
haber and contact catalyst Haber
'




process process uses .


process , produces Ammonia where ,
iron is the catalyst .




toxic
catalytic converters in cars remove exhaust gases
'

.




haber process industrial of
producing ammonia (exothermic reaction ) from hydrogen and nitrogen
:
process .




exothermic reaction : must be at low temp / 400 -450°C )
.
because it already gives out heat .




light
-




:




photosynthesis
'




is affected by light
-


can break bonds , overcoming the activation energy ,
which causes a chemical reaction .




photochemical reaction that occurs result Gob Of
light
-



reactions : as a of
sorption .






Ozone
depletion : caused
by chlorofluorocarbons ( CFC )
UV light

Cfzclz
>
CFZCI + Cl

chlorine
radical


then the CI reacts with it
ozone
, destroying :




Cl (g) + 0
, (g) →
04cg ) +
Oz (g)

, reaction rate :



↳ of the reaction
the measure of how
quickly the reactants in a reaction change into the
product
-

how to measure reaction rate :




↳ how decrease
quickly reactants




[
↳ how
quickly the
product increase


calcium carbonate +
hydrochloric acid → calcium chloride t water + carbon dioxide

, , ,, , zµ , , , ga , , , µ , , ,,
,
, , ,



( )
as the reaction continue ,
the mass of the reactants will decrease because coz is
given off loss of mass



Er




{
É
* of reaction " °" d " " b " "" " there is "" " " """
rate
§

E
B

.

time
J
volume
: gain
in :




{

-0

B rate " re " "" decreases
i
or


at ✗A
0




§
S T g

-3
Time

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