In dit document is de tenantamenstof voor het vak BVBQ van de lerarenopleiding Biologie aan het windesheim samengevat. Dit gaat om hoofdstuk 1,2,4,8,11,12,13,17,18 en 31 van Brock Biology of microorganisms . Hoofstuk 4 gaat voornamelijk over kweekmethoden en optimale omstandigheden voor bacteriegro...
Nederlandse samenvatting van “Brock biology
of microorganisms”-H1, H2, H4, H8, H11, H12,
H13, H17, H28 & H31
Darlyne van der Linden
2 JANUARI 2022
,Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: de microbiële wereld........................................................................................................5
Concept 1...........................................................................................................................................5
1.1 Micro-organismen. Kleine titanen van de aarde.......................................................................5
1.2 structuur en activiteiten van microbiële cellen.........................................................................5
1.3 celgrootte en morfologie..........................................................................................................6
1.4 een introductie op microbieel leven.........................................................................................7
1.5 micro-organismen en de biosfeer.............................................................................................8
1.6 de impact van micro-organismen op de menselijke maatschappij...........................................8
Concept 2.........................................................................................................................................10
1.7 licht microscopie en de ontdekking van micro-organismen....................................................10
1.8 verbeteren van het contrast van een lichtmicroscoop...........................................................10
1.9 in beeld brengen van cellen in 3D...........................................................................................11
1.10 onderzoeken van celstructuur..............................................................................................11
Concept 3.........................................................................................................................................12
1.11 Pasteur en spontane generatie.............................................................................................12
1.12 Koch, infectieziekten en reinculturen...................................................................................12
1.13 de ontdekking van microbiële diversiteit..............................................................................13
Concept 4.........................................................................................................................................13
1.14 moleculaire basis van het leven............................................................................................13
1.15 Woese en de boom van het leven........................................................................................14
Hoofdstuk 2: microbiële celstructuur en functie (alleen concept 1).....................................................15
Concept 1.........................................................................................................................................15
2.1 het cytoplasma membraan.....................................................................................................15
2.2 nutriënten de cel in transporteren.........................................................................................16
2.3 de celwand..............................................................................................................................16
2.4 LPS: het buitenmembraan......................................................................................................17
2.5 diversiteit van de celenvelop structuur..................................................................................18
Hoofdstuk 4: microbiële groei en de controle hiervan.........................................................................19
Concept 1.........................................................................................................................................19
4.1 voed de microbe: cel voeding.................................................................................................19
4.2 groei media en laboratorium culturen....................................................................................20
4.3 microscopische telling van microbiële cel aantallen...............................................................21
4.4 levensvatbare telling van microbiële cel aantallen.................................................................21
4.5 turbidimetrische metingen van microbe cel aantallen...........................................................22
, Concept 2.........................................................................................................................................24
4.6 binaire deling en de microbiële groeicyclus............................................................................24
4.7 kwantitatieve aspecten van microbiële groei.........................................................................24
4.8 continu cultuur.......................................................................................................................25
4.9 biofilm groei............................................................................................................................25
4.10 alternatieven voor binaire celdeling.....................................................................................26
Concept 3.........................................................................................................................................28
4.11 temperatuur klassen van micro-organismen........................................................................28
4.12 microbieel leven in de kou....................................................................................................28
4.13 microbieel leven bij hoge temperaturen..............................................................................29
Concept 4.........................................................................................................................................31
4.14 effecten van pH op microbiële groei.....................................................................................31
4.15 osmolariteit en microbiële groei...........................................................................................31
4.16 zuurstof en microbiële groei.................................................................................................32
Concept 5.........................................................................................................................................34
4.17 generale principes en microbiële groei gecontroleerd door hitte........................................34
4.18 andere fysieke controlemethoden: radiatie en filtratie........................................................35
4.19 chemische controle van microbiële groei.............................................................................36
Concept 1.........................................................................................................................................38
5.1 wat is een virus?.....................................................................................................................38
5.2 de structuur van een virion.....................................................................................................38
5.3 in cultuur brengen, detecteren en tellen van virussen...........................................................39
Concept 2.........................................................................................................................................40
5.4 stappen in de replicatie cyclus................................................................................................40
5.5 bacteriofaag T4: een model lytisch virus.................................................................................40
5.6 gematigde bacteriofagen en lysogenie...................................................................................41
5.7 een overzicht van virussen van eukaryoten............................................................................41
Hoofdstuk 8: moleculaire aspecten van microbiële groei (8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.11 en 8.12).........................43
Concept 1.........................................................................................................................................43
8.3: celdeling en Fts eiwitten........................................................................................................43
8.4: determinanten van cel morfologie........................................................................................44
8.5 peptidoglycaan biosynthese...................................................................................................45
Concept 3.........................................................................................................................................45
8.11 antibiotica doelwitten en antibiotica resistentie..................................................................45
8.12: persistentie (aanhoudend) en kiemrust...................................................................................46
Hoofstuk 11: virale genomica en diversiteit (concept 1 en 3)...............................................................48
, Concept 1.........................................................................................................................................48
11.1 grootte en structuur van een viraal genoom........................................................................48
11.2 virale taxonomie en fylogenie...............................................................................................49
Concept 3.........................................................................................................................................50
11.8 positieve streng RNA virussen..............................................................................................50
11.9 negatieve streng RNA virussen die dieren infecteren...........................................................50
11.10 dubbel strengse RNA virussen............................................................................................51
11.11 virussen die reverse transcriptase gebruiken.....................................................................52
Hoofdstuk 12: Biotechnologie en synthetische biologie.......................................................................54
Concept 1.........................................................................................................................................54
12.1: manipulatie van DNA: PCR en nucleïnezuur hybridisatie.....................................................54
12.2 moleculair klonen.................................................................................................................56
12.3 tot expressie brengen van vreemde genen in Bacteria.........................................................58
12.4 moleculaire methodes voor mutagenese.............................................................................60
12.5 reporter genen en gen fusie.................................................................................................61
Concept 2.........................................................................................................................................61
12.6 somatropine en andere zoogdier eiwitten............................................................................61
12.7 transgene organismen in landbouw en aquacultuur............................................................62
12.8 gemanipuleerde vaccinaties en therapeutische middelen...................................................65
12.9 “gene mining” en traject engineering...................................................................................67
12.10 engineering van biobrandstoffen........................................................................................69
Concept 3.........................................................................................................................................70
12.11 synthetische, metabolische trajecten, biosensoren en genetische circuits........................70
12.12 synthetische cellen.............................................................................................................73
12.13 genoom bewerking en CRISPRs...........................................................................................73
12.14 biocontainment van genetisch gemodificeerde organismen..............................................75
Hoofdstuk 13: microbiële evolutie en genoom dynamieken (concept 1).............................................77
Concept 1.........................................................................................................................................77
13.1 formatie en vroege geschiedenis van de aarde....................................................................77
12.2 fotosynthese en de oxidatie van de aarde............................................................................77
13.3 levende fossielen: DNA archiveert de geschiedenis van het leven.......................................78
13.4 de endosynbiotische oorsprong van eukaryoten..................................................................79
13.5 de evolutie van virussen.......................................................................................................80
Hoofdstuk 17: diversiteit van Archaea (alleen de introductie en concept 4)........................................81
Introductie........................................................................................................................................81
Concept 4: evolutie en leven bij een hoge temperatuur..................................................................82
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