Lecture notes for all lectures of the Etiology of Offender
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Course
4.2C
Institution
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
All lectures were covered in this summary except the second one. This because it was a guest lecture, and the guest just talked about his life experience. It was not exam material.
Lecture 1-- Offender types 1 Offender with psychosis and psychopathy
Lecture 3-- Sex offending
Lecture 4-- Disc...
All lectures except lecture 2, because it was a guest lecture. not given any information for the exam
Subjects
etiology of offender
erasmus university
lecture notes
Written for
Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (EUR)
Forensic And Legal Psychology
4.2C
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LECTURE 1
Offender types 1 Offender with psychosis and psychopathy
Exam on 10th November (9:30am)
- Goldwater rule→ The Goldwater rule is Section 7 in the APA principles of medical ethics. This
states that it is unethical for psychiatrists to give a professional opinion about public figures
whom they have not examined in person, and from whom they have not obtained consent to
discuss their mental health in public statements
- Offender with psychotic disorder
➔ Bart van U. murdered Els Borst and his own sister
➔ Had hallucinations
➔ He receives TBS rather than prison
➔ Later on they came back to it and sentenced him to 7 years to prison
- Unaccountability→ not punishable is the person who commits a crime that cannot be accounted
to this person because of his defective development of mental disorder
- Levels of accountability:
1. Fully accountable: There is no mental disorder, or the disorder does not relate to the
offence that is committed.
2. Slightly diminished accountable: there is a mild mental disorder or the disorder was only
slightly or influence of the committed offense
3. Diminished accountability: there is a severe mental disorder which was also of influence
at the time of the offence (most of the TBS cases, because it poses the most risks)
4. Greatly diminished accountability: there is a combination of severe mental disorders or the
severe mental disorder had a great influence on the committed act.
5. Fully unaccountable: the offence is fully the result of the mental disorder that the person
has/had at the time of the offence (mental care facility, if they are treated well they won’t be
a threat—schizophrenia an psychotic disorder is most likely)
- TBS order
➔ In the last 150 years, the Dutch penal law (criminal law) has had two possible sanctions
1. Punishment for those who committed a crime
2. A custodial measure for those who have committed a crime but are found diminished
accountable or fully unaccountable for their crime
➔ TBS compulsory psychiatric treatment in a TBS institution (forensic psychiatric centre)
➔ TBS with conditions if compulsory psychiatric treatment dores not seem to be necessary to
prevent recidivism.
➔ Is basically for those who committed a crime but partly or fully cannot be accounted for the
crime
Subtyping offenders with a psychotic disorder [ VAN DONGEN, BUCK (2015) ]
1. Early starters— who start criminal behaviour early and then
this develops into psychotic behaviour. This happens probably
as a result of early conduct disorder or symptoms or substance
abuse. The criminal behaviour BEFORE the psychotic
behaviour.
, 2. Late starters— First the psychotic disorder or symptoms then
comes the crime. Probably because of positive symptoms of the
disorder such as delusions and hallucinations.
3. First offenders-- Individuals in their 30s and they out of the sudden
commit a very serious crime. (it’s a subtype of late offenders)
- Normally we don’t know if first offenders tune into late starter or not
There are many studies about this whole thing. And our teacher has done
some.
Results:
- Conduct problems
➔ Early starters, general offenders and late starters have significantly
more conduct problems than first offenders.
- Antisocial traits
➔ First offenders have no signs of antisocial traits. This is very
important to understand that there is really no big issue with these
kind of offenders
➔ Early starters and general offenders have significantly more
antisocial traits.
- Substance misuse
➔ All have this but different kinds of substance
➔ Early starters more cannabis and cocaine (combined)
➔ First offenders more alcohol (work more as self-medication)
- Persecutory delusions
➔ First offenders have the most
➔ Then early starters
➔ And late starters at the bottom
➔ General patients with the conditions but with no crime convictions
also have it but a bit less
➔ Offenders are in generally more likely to have persecutory delusions
- Murder/ manslaughter
➔ First offenders have this the most and most of the times is with
someone close to them
➔ Early started have it too and late starters have the least of them all.
, - Family member as victim
➔ First offenders as mentioned in the one above
➔ Late starters have a bit and early starter not so much
- Conclusions
➔ First offenders can be distinguished as a subgroup within the later
starter group
➔ The criminal behaviour of early starters seems to be the results of antisocial personality
characteristics, whereas that of late starters, especially first offenders, is found to be related to
particular delusions.
➔ Acknowledge of these different subtypes and their risk factors/motivations can lead to a better
assessment of violence risk and effectiveness of their treatment.
- Implications for practice
➔ Tailored treatment interventions
Early diagnosis and intervention
Different types of treatment
➔ Differential diagnosis and analysis of behaviour
Profiling and crime analysis
Offenders with psychopathic traits
- Diagnosed with personality disorder
- Dahmer is an example
- Psychopathy checklist- revised
- The cut off score for psychopathy is gender dependent
➔ For men is 30
➔ For women is 23
- The psychopathy checklist was developed having the male symptoms in mind and so it more
made for males then for females. Females might have symptoms differently and hence a different
cut off score.
Sociopath and psychopath.
- Sociopath is someone who becomes a psychopath as a consequence of a traumatic experience. It
develops because of a trauma basically
- Psychopathy is basically innate, they are just born like that
- 1 in 100 people are psychopaths
- Psychopaths are normally in prison because they are assessed s fully accountable
- Psychopaths are often misdiagnosed as antisocial personality disorder
- And females normally misdiagnosed as borderline
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