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IEB Matric Life Sciences Paper 2 Notes $4.99
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IEB Matric Life Sciences Paper 2 Notes

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  • Course
  • Life Sciences
  • Institution
  • 12th Grade

These notes include everything you need to study for the IEB Life Sciences P2. Topics include DNA, RNA & protein synthesis, meiosis, chromosomes, genetics, genetic engineering and other subtopics. I made these notes to consolidate all of the information that is examinable in an organised manner, an...

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  • November 17, 2022
  • 62
  • 2022/2023
  • Interview
  • Unknown
  • Unknown

Subjects

  • biology
  • ieb
  • ieb life sciences
  • life sciences paper 2
  • dna
  • molecular biology
  • genetics
  • meiosis
  • genetic engineering
  • protein synthesis

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  • 12th Grade
  • Life Sciences
  • 200
All documents for this subject (1211)

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By: joshkb • 2 year ago

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Matric Biology P2




By Alexandria Gaylard-Ralfe
2022

, IEB LIFE SCIENCES P2 : Alexandria G-R



Contents



Paper 2 Topics :

Definitions pg 3-6


Molecular Biology (DNA) pg 7 - 23
- DNA structure
- Nucleotides
- Role of DNA
- DNA replication
- RNA structure
- Protein synthesis - transcription, translation
- Mitochondrial DNA
- Application of DNA technology



Chromosomes & Meiosis pg 24 - 40
- Cells and chromosomes
- Human karyotype
- Mitosis
- Meiosis process
- Abnormal meiosis - genetic disorders, polyploidy



Genetics pg 41 - 59
- Gregor mendel
- Genes
- Alleles
- Genetic diagrams
- Mendel’s laws
- Sex-linked alleles and diseases
- Polygenic inheritance and continuous variation
- Genetic aberrations
- Gene mutations
- Genetic engineering - recombinant DNA, cloning, gene therapy, GMOs
- CRISPR


Essays pg 61-63




2

, IEB LIFE SCIENCES P2 : Alexandria G-R



Definitions

Molecular Biology

● Crossing over - the mutual exchange of pieces of chromosomes so that whole
groups of genes are swapped between maternal and paternal chromosomes.


● Nucleotides - the monomers of nucleic acids


● Centromere - a region of a chromosome where the cell's spindle fibres attach


● Transcription - the process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied
into a new molecule of messenger RNA


● Translation - the process by which a specific protein is formed from a chain of
amino acids due to the sequence of codons in the mRNA, which, in turn, was
coded by the DNA.


● mRNA - messenger RNA - Carries code from nucleus (DNA) to ribosomes
Each group of 3 nitrogen bases on mRNA = CODON


● Codon - a sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule
that codes for a specific amino acid


● Reduction division - The first cell division in meiosis, the process by which germ
cells are formed
- two copies of everything to a daughter cell that only has 1 copy


● STR (Short Tandem Repeat) - Repeating segments in non-coding dna that are
unique


● Homologous chromosome - The chromosomal pair which contains the maternal
as well as the paternal chromatid of the same length and gene position, and are
joined by the centromere


● Haploid - a single set of chromosomes


● Diploid - 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent



3

, IEB LIFE SCIENCES P2 : Alexandria G-R


● DNA Replication - the process of making a new DNA molecule from an existing
DNA molecule that is identical to the original molecule.



● Mitochondrial DNA - Small amounts of DNA are present in the mitochondria in
the cytoplasm of cells.


● Prokaryotes - organisms without a nucleus or any other membrane-bound
organelle. Most are unicellular bacteria


● Eukaryotes - organisms with a cell nucleus and many membrane-bound
organelles




4

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