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Algemene economie: Semester 2 - Samenvatting $5.44   Add to cart

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Algemene economie: Semester 2 - Samenvatting

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Samenvatting Algemene economie. Opleiding: schakelprogramma organisatie en management. Academiejaar - tweede semester. Lector: Eve Vanhaecht. Samenvatting van de slides met extra uitleg - toelichting bij grafieken etc.

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  • November 17, 2022
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Samenvatting: algemene economie


DEEL 2: MACRO-ECONOMIE........................................................................................................ 6

7 Hoofdstuk 7: Productie, inkomens en bestedingen – de macro-economische benadering ..... 7

7.1 Inleiding .................................................................................................................................. 7

7.2 Productie, toegevoegde waarde en factorvergoedingen ........................................................... 7

7.2.1 Voorbeeld van toegevoegde waarde zonder voorraden .............................................................................. 8

7.3 Voorraden ............................................................................................................................... 9

7.4 Soorten factorvergoedingen .................................................................................................... 9

7.5 Bruto- versus netto-product .................................................................................................... 9

7.6 Fundamentele gelijkheid tussen (nationaal) product, (nationaal) inkomen en bestedingen (van
het nationaal product) ...................................................................................................................... 10

7.7 Macro-economische identiteiten voor een gesloten economie zonder overheid (aan de hand
van de bestedingsmethode).............................................................................................................. 10

7.8 Eenvoudige economische kringloop ....................................................................................... 11

7.9 Bruto binnenlands product, netto nationaal inkomen, binnenlandse bestedingen en
bestedingen van het binnenlands product......................................................................................... 12

7.9.1 Uitbreidingen: bestedingen bij gesloten economie met overheid ............................................................. 13

7.9.2 Uitbreidingen: bestedingen bij open economie met overheid ................................................................... 14

7.9.3 Binnenlands product, binnenlandse bestedingen en saldo lopende rekening betalingsbalans ................. 15

7.10 Financieringstekorten en overschotten .................................................................................. 15

7.11 De nationale rekeningen van België ....................................................................................... 16

7.11.1 Economische vooruitzichten .................................................................................................................. 17

7.11.2 Actualiteit ............................................................................................................................................... 18

7.12 Waarderingsproblemen ......................................................................................................... 18

7.12.1 BBP als welvaartsindicator ..................................................................................................................... 18

7.12.2 Multidimensionele meting (ter illustratie) ............................................................................................. 19

7.13 Uitschakeling van de prijsinvloed ........................................................................................... 19

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7.13.1 Hoeveelheidsindexen ............................................................................................................................. 20

7.13.2 Nominale versus reële index .................................................................................................................. 21

7.14 Impliciete prijsindex van het BBP ........................................................................................... 21

7.14.1 Het nominale en reële bbp (aan lopende en constante prijzen) ............................................................ 21

7.14.2 Inflatie..................................................................................................................................................... 23

7.15 Vergelijking tussen landen ..................................................................................................... 23

7.15.1 Lorenz-curve ........................................................................................................................................... 24

7.16 Conclusie .............................................................................................................................. 24

8 Hoofdstuk 8....................................................................................................................... 25

9 Hoofdstuk 9: Macro-economisch evenwicht op korte en lange termijn ............................... 25

9.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................ 25

9.2 De aggregatieve vraag(curve) ................................................................................................ 26

9.2.1 Verschuiving van de AV-curve .................................................................................................................... 27

9.3 De aggregatieve aanbod ........................................................................................................ 28

9.3.1 Korte termijn ............................................................................................................................................... 28

9.3.2 Lange termijn .............................................................................................................................................. 29

9.3.3 Van korte naar lange termijn ...................................................................................................................... 31

9.4 Macro-economisch evenwicht: vraag- en aanbodsschokken ................................................... 33

9.4.1 Vraagschokken ............................................................................................................................................ 33

9.4.2 Aanbodschokken......................................................................................................................................... 36

9.5 Besluit................................................................................................................................... 37

10 Hoofdstuk 10: Consumptie, investeringen en de aggregatieve vraag ............................... 37

10.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................ 37

10.1.1 Aggregatieve vraag bepaalt het inkomen ............................................................................................... 38

10.1.2 Stabiel algemeen prijspeil....................................................................................................................... 38

10.1.3 Macro-economische identiteit/evenwichtsvoorwaarde ........................................................................ 39

10.2 De consumptiefunctie en de daaruit afgeleide spaarfunctie .................................................... 39

10.2.1 De consumptiefunctie ............................................................................................................................ 39

10.2.2 De spaarfunctie ...................................................................................................................................... 41

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10.2.3 Andere bepalende factoren van consumptie ......................................................................................... 42

10.3 De investeringsfunctie ........................................................................................................... 42

10.3.1 De rol van de rentevoet .......................................................................................................................... 43

10.3.2 De rol van de afzet .................................................................................................................................. 46

10.4 Macro-economisch evenwicht ............................................................................................... 46

10.4.1 Structureel model ................................................................................................................................... 46

10.4.2 Cijfervoorbeeld ....................................................................................................................................... 47

10.4.3 Grafische voorstelling ............................................................................................................................. 48

10.4.4 Betekenis van het evenwicht.................................................................................................................. 48

10.4.5 Toepassing 10.3 ...................................................................................................................................... 48

10.5 De investeringsmultiplicator .................................................................................................. 49

10.5.1 Grafische voorstelling ............................................................................................................................. 49

10.5.2 Algemene formulering en toepassing .................................................................................................... 50

10.6 Instabiliteit in de aggregatieve vraag: het accelerator-multiplicatormodel .............................. 50

10.7 Besluit................................................................................................................................... 50

11 De budgettaire politek ................................................................................................... 50

11.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................ 51

11.2 Macro-economische betekenis van de overheid ..................................................................... 51

11.2.1 Ontvangsten en uitgaven van de overheid van België (2016) ................................................................ 52

11.3 Evenwichtsvoorwaarden ....................................................................................................... 52

11.3.1 Geldkringloop van een gesloten economie met overheid: .................................................................... 53

11.4 Het evenwichtsinkomen bij autonome belastingen ................................................................ 54

11.4.1 Model met forfaitaire nettobelastingen................................................................................................. 54

11.4.2 Grafische voorstelling evenwichtsinkomen ............................................................................................ 55

11.4.3 Geldkringloop van een gesloten economie met overheid ..................................................................... 56

11.5 Discretionair budgettair beleid (versus automatische stabilisatorwerking) .............................. 56

11.5.1 Dicretionair budgettair beleid ................................................................................................................ 57

11.5.2 Discretionaire budgettaire politiek ......................................................................................................... 58

Zijsprong: open economie (H14) ....................................................................................................... 59

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11.6 Automatische stabilisatoren .................................................................................................. 60

11.6.1 Model met inkomensafhankelijke nettobeslasting (gesloten economie) .............................................. 61

11.6.2 Multiplicatoren ....................................................................................................................................... 61

11.6.3 Progressieve inkomstenbelasting ........................................................................................................... 62

11.6.4 Automatische stabilisatorwerking van alternatieve belastingsstelsels .................................................. 63

11.7 Budgettaire politiek en overheidstekort ................................................................................. 63

11.7.1 Cyclisch-gecorrigeerd budgettair saldo .................................................................................................. 64

11.7.2 Stabiliteits- en groeipact (SGP) ............................................................................................................... 64

11.7.3 Verstrenging begrotingseisen Europese Unie ........................................................................................ 66

11.8 Effectiviteit van de budgettaire politiek ................................................................................. 66

11.8.1 Omvang van de budgettaire multiplicatoren ......................................................................................... 67

11.9 De overheidsschuld ............................................................................................................... 67

11.9.1 Hoe het schuldratio reduceren? ............................................................................................................. 69

11.9.2 Het cyclisch-neutraal overheidssaldo ..................................................................................................... 70

11.10 Besluit ............................................................................................................................... 71

12 De monetaire politiek .................................................................................................... 71

12.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................ 71

12.2 De geldhoeveelheid ............................................................................................................... 72

12.3 Het geldaanbod ..................................................................................................................... 72

12.3.1 Het aanbod van basisgeld ....................................................................................................................... 72

12.3.2 Het aanbod van giraal geld ..................................................................................................................... 74

12.3.3 Het geldaanbodmodel ............................................................................................................................ 76

12.4 De vraag naar geld................................................................................................................. 79

12.4.1 Het inkomen als determinant van de geldvraag .................................................................................... 81

12.4.2 De rentevoet als determinant van de geldvraag .................................................................................... 81

12.5 Evenwicht tussen geldvraag en geldaanbod ........................................................................... 82

12.6 Geldmarktevenwicht ............................................................................................................. 83

12.7 De monetaire politiek ............................................................................................................ 85

12.7.1 Manipuleren van de beleidsrente .......................................................................................................... 86

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12.7.2 Openmarktpolitiek ................................................................................................................................. 86

12.8 Gezamenlijk evenwicht op de geld- en goederenmarkt ........................................................... 86

12.8.1 Het evenwicht op de geldmarkt ............................................................................................................. 87

12.8.2 Het evenwicht op de goederenmarkt ..................................................................................................... 88

12.8.3 Evenwicht op geld- en goederenmarkt .................................................................................................. 89

12.9 De aggregatieve vraagcurve opnieuw bekeken ....................................................................... 91

12.10 Besluit ............................................................................................................................... 95

13 Werkloosheid, inflatie en de philips-curve ...................................................................... 95

13.1 Inleiding ................................................................................................................................ 95

13.2 Werkloosheid ........................................................................................................................ 98

13.2.1 Werkloosheid en inactiviteit................................................................................................................... 98

13.2.2 De natuurlijke werkloosheid................................................................................................................. 101

13.2.3 Veranderingen in de natuurlijke werkloosheid .................................................................................... 104

13.2.4 Afwijkingen van de natuurlijk werkloosheid: conjuncturele werkloosheid ......................................... 106

13.3 Inflatie ................................................................................................................................ 108

13.3.1 Inflatie en inflatiemaatstaven............................................................................................................... 108

13.3.2 Verklaringen voor inflatie ..................................................................................................................... 110

13.4 Philips-curve ....................................................................................................................... 112

13.5 Besluit................................................................................................................................. 115

14 De internationale economie, vrijhandel en protectie .................................................... 115

14.1 Het belang van internationale handel .................................................................................. 115

14.2 Internationale handel en de aggregatieve vraag ................................................................... 118

14.2.1 De aggregatieve vraag in een open economie met een overheid ........................................................ 118

14.2.2 Het macro-economisch evenwicht ....................................................................................................... 118

14.3 Verklaring voor internationale handen en voordelen van vrijhandel ..................................... 118

14.3.1 Theorie van de comperatieve kostenverschillen .................................................................................. 118

15 Risk assessment of the Belgian banking sector in COVID context .................................. 119

15.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 119

15.2 The Belgian banking landscape ............................................................................................ 121

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15.3 State of affairs..................................................................................................................... 122

15.3.1 Belgian banks’ profitability ................................................................................................................... 123

15.3.2 Solvency ................................................................................................................................................ 124

15.3.3 Liquidity ................................................................................................................................................ 124

15.3.4 Main components of income statement .............................................................................................. 125

15.3.5 Net interest income .............................................................................................................................. 126

15.3.6 Other income and expenses ................................................................................................................. 126

15.4 The challenges ahead .......................................................................................................... 128

15.4.1 Impact of COVID-19 crisis ..................................................................................................................... 128

15.4.2 Low interest rate (LIR) environment .................................................................................................... 131

15.4.3 Real Estate market & mortgage loans .................................................................................................. 132

15.4.4 Digitisation of financial services ........................................................................................................... 133

15.4.5 Climate related risks ............................................................................................................................. 133

15.4.6 Anti-money laundering ......................................................................................................................... 134

15.5 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 134

16 Examenvragen ............................................................................................................. 135

DEEL 2: MACRO-ECONOMIE

Micro-economie Macro-economie

Gaat na hoe individuen en bedrijven Bekijkt het geaggregeerde niveau en
(individuele economische agenten) bestudeert vraagstukken die de economie
beslissingen nemen. als geheel beïnvloeden. (Heeft dus vnl.
betrekking op het stabilisatieprobleem.)
(Heeft dus vnl. betrekking op allocatie- en
distributieprobleem. Verklaring zoeken voor economische
aggregaten zoals nationaal product,
werkloosheid, inflatie, saldo betalingsbalans

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