These lecture notes are a combination of the lecture slides, comments made by the lecturer and my own notes. It includes theories and diagrams of these theories from the ppt slides. Important information pertaining to the exam is written in green.
Hi!
These are the notes I took during the Motivation, Power & Leadership lectures at Leiden
University, in the first block of the first semester of the 2022-2023 school year.
The notes are a combination of the PowerPoint slides, the lecturer's comments, and my
understanding of the material.
The exam mostly contained questions regarding the lecture material.
• I wrote important information pertaining to the exam in green.
• Definitions are written in pink.
All the best of luck with studying and the exam!
,Motivation, power, and leadership
Lectures
Week 1
Motivation: what happens when people are not motivated? What happens when leadership
changes? what happens to the employees?
How to manage people?
First, why do we need to manage people?
- It is efficient
- It can be used as a motivator
- It can be good for someone to take responsibility
Humans are group-living animals and, therefore, have to cope with many coordination
challenges (people may have to coordinate their actions to attain particular goals, a group
project for example, who does what?) and motivation challenges (people need to be
motivated to attain goals; boring tasks, new tasks etc. people need to want to do it)
Motivation challenges
1. In the attainment of goals: individual motives -> self-determination theory
2. In social interactions: social motives -> interdependence theory
Attainment of goals
There are different sources of work motivation: “if you are not motivated to attend this
course, you wouldn’t be here” -> therefore, there are different types of interest: no interest,
extrinsic interest, and intrinsic interest. This is displayed in the self-determination theory.
Self-determination theory (Gagné & Deci, 2005):
Question: why would
people strive to attain
a particular goal?
This theory is
basically a spectrum
going from
amotivation (absence
of any intention to do
something) to
extrinsic motivation
to intrinsic
motivation.
Amotivation: there is
no intent of doing a task.
, Extrinsic motivation is divided into four types of regulation, they range from least to most
integrated into the self. Numbers 2 to 4 are part of internalization.
1) External regulation: this type of regulation is contingent on rewards and punishment.
This is the most controlled form of motivation.
2) Introjected regulation: doing a task is contingent on your self-worth/self-esteem. It
pressures you to do certain tasks and is therefore still a controlled form of
regulation. It is still inside yourself, and therefore not externally regulated.
3) Identified regulation: related to your goals and values. “Nurses wash people not
because they find it fun but because they care about their patients and accept the
less desirable task if it means they can take care of people”. This type of regulation is
freer and reflects a part of the self.
4) Integrated regulation: the behaviour is integrated with your sense of self/identity, it
is of instrumental importance: “it is who I am”. This type is the fullest form of
internalization.
Intrinsic motivation: you find the task fun.
Introjected, identified, and integrated regulations are internalized, they are not dependent
on the external environment.
If people get into the internalized types of motivation, it might benefit them.
Intrinsic motivation and internalization require fulfilment of the personal need for:
- Autonomy: is achieved by different types of management
- Competence: if you feel you can do a task, it is more likely you feel intrinsic
motivation
- Relatedness: feeling like an outcast will not help you feel intrinsically motivated.
Social interactions
Self-interest does not always align with the collective interest.
Social dilemma: which interest to pursue, are you maintaining scarce resources or providing
public goods?
What defines a social dilemma?
Two defining features of social dilemmas:
1) For each individual, it is more beneficial to further their self-interest than to further
the collective interest.
2) All individuals are worse off if no one furthers the collective interest.
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