Summary
Summary All Models from the Literature
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All the models like the 4C-model, componential framework, and the IPO-model among many others from the literature.
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4-C modelEveryone begins with mini-c, a rare few may make the jump to Pro-c & most will experience one of
two transitional periods: some will undergo a formal apprenticeship that will lead to Pro-c usually
taking around 10 years => often done through academic institutions but: an alternate path is the
transitional period of tinkering: playing with one’s creativity in a domain & improving through such
experimentation even without a structured mentorship
Once someone has reached the little-c level: at least two transitional periods: one such transition is to
Pro-c: often through an informal apprenticeship (working with an older, more experienced
colleague/mentor) & another possibility is an end destination of reflection => not all people have the
desire/inclination to try to take a creative activity to a professional level: many individuals may use
their creativity to express themselves, sort out emotions/explore ideas & life experience => believe
that creativity for its own sake is a worthy end goal regardless of how a creative product may be
reviewed/received by a larger population
For people at the Pro-c level: see two alternate paths: some individual will remain creative & fertile
for their entire professional lives => those who are especially creative may reach a pinnacle: the
highest peak for a living creator in our view at greatness & those who have reached a level of
greatness may be subsequently considered by future generations to have reached the level of Big-C
Other Pro-c creators may settle into creative stasis & finish out their professional career without
making any additional significant contributions => in the academic field are some professors who
reach tenure & keep achieving & striving for new & different ideas & studies but: there are other
professors who may reach tenure & mentally retire => having been assured of a regular job such
people may stop being a productive creator & enter an end destination of stasis
See a final gradation of Big-C: an upper echelon that is an end destination of becoming a legend => at
such a supernormal level of achievement a person has become an emblem of their field & likely
crossed over so that nearly everyone knows about their achievements
Assessment: mini-c: self-assessments, micro genetic methods, little-c: teacher/parent/peer ratings,
psychometric tests, consensual assessment, Pro-c: consensual assessment, citations/peer opinions,
prizes/honors, Big-C: major prices/honors, historiometric measures
Domain-specific/general: mini-c: likely both, little-c: likely both, Pro-c: mostly domain specific, Big-
C: domain specific
Best motivation: mini-c: probably intrinsic, little-c: probably intrinsic, Pro-c: both contribute, Big-C:
both contribute
Relation to mental illness: mini-c: probably none, little-c: believed, but very little, Pro-c: evidence
suggests links, dependent on domain, Big-C: some evidence suggests links
Activation Theory
Activation theory posits a linear relation between time pressure & experienced activation => the
greater the creative time pressure employees perceive: the higher their experienced activation => when
creative time pressure & activation are at intermediate levels: individuals are assumed to be optimally
stimulated => such levels match their characteristic levels of activation & when employees are
optimally stimulated: should be fully engaged in their activities at work => low/high levels of creative
time pressure & activation are assumed to deviate from employees’ characteristic levels => suboptimal
stimulation & lower engagement
Algorithmic & heuristic tasks
A creative the task must be heuristic rather than algorithmic: typically defined: algorithmic tasks are
those for which the path to the solution is clear & straightforward: tasks for which an algorithm exists
& heuristic tasks are those not having a clear & readily identifiable path to solutions => tasks for
which algorithms must be developed
Algorithmic tasks have a clearly identified goals => some heuristic tasks may have that as well but: for
others the problem solver must define the goal itself & attendant sub goals => problem discovery:
important part of much creative activity
Amusement park theoretical model
,The concept: consistent with the Amusement Park Theoretical Model: begins with the initial
requirements (things that are true for any type of creative act) & moves down to microdomains
(distinctions that may be found between writing short stories & writing plays)
These same initial requirements: a basic level of intelligence & motivation & a nurturing environment
are also the cornerstone requirements of mini-c
As a person advances through a career & lifetime: creative activity becomes more & more specialized
& differentiated by the domain & very difficult to reach Pro-c/Big-C level creativity in more than one
domain but: many people may reach mini-c/little-c creativity in a wide number of areas
Approach & avoidance system
Converging evidence suggests that core personality, affect & motivation are grounded in two
motivational systems: approach & avoidance
The approach system relies on dopaminergic brain circuitries & deals with appetitive motivation &
approach behavior toward rewarding & novel stimuli => associated with feelings of elation,
cheerfulness & eagerness when there is good progress toward & successful attainment of rewards &
desired end states: chronic sensitivity of the approach system associates with extraversion, positive
affectivity, openness to experience & individual differences in the Behavioral Activation System
(BAS) => approach motivation is usually triggered in benign & safe situations => approach
orientation facilitates loose & inclusive thinking, access to remote semantic concepts & flexible
switching among categories & perspectives
Dopamine agonists & approach-related personality traits are related to reduced Latent Inhibition (LI):
the lowered capability to filter out from current attentional focus those stimuli that were previously
experienced as irrelevant => reduced LI associated with flat associative hierarchies & higher
creativity: during a creativity task, more seemingly irrelevant concepts & information enter attention
=> increases the span of elements to work with => more flexible & original responses
Individual differences in approach orientation: incidental manipulations of approach motivation &
activation of the dopaminergic brain circuitry all associate with enhanced flexibility & creativity
The avoidance system deals with withdrawal motivation & avoidance behavior away from aversive
stimuli & threatening circumstances & associates with feelings of fear, tension & vigilance when
people regulate aversive circumstances & stimuli => chronic sensitivity of the avoidance system
associates with neuroticism, negative affectivity & individual differences in the Behavioral Inhibition
System (BIS) => engenders a narrow attentional scope, consideration of a few perspectives &
categories, constrained, vigilant & focused information processing & reduced attentional shifting &
flexibility: avoidance-related traits & states are associated with reduced working memory capacity =>
needed for assembling novel & appropriate combinations of previously stored memory => linked to
reduced flexibility & creativity
Behavioral disinhibition theory
Drawing on the theory of behavioral disinhibition: offer a framework for thinking about the potential
side effects of engaging in the creative process
Disinhibition (the opposite of latent inhibition) is defined as the loss of control over one’s behaviors,
thoughts/emotions => developing the framework: suggest that creativity & behavioral disinhibition are
intertwined => behavioral disinhibition cannot only lead to creativity but: being creative can also
produce feelings of disinhibition that will fuel further creativity => coin the term creative
disinhibition: defined as an intuitive, subconscious driven way of thinking, behaving/feeling that is
brought about by working on creative tasks/engaging in the creative process
Creative disinhibition will have unintended side-effects on a potentially wide range of important work
outcomes => positive & negative => the creative process may in & of itself trigger a mindset that in
turn have downstream consequences
Behavior traits
Psychologist: particularly interested in those traits that are manifested in performance: behavior traits:
come under the broad categories of: aptitudes, interests, attitudes & temperamental qualities
Aptitude: ordinarily mean a person’s readiness to learn to do certain types of things => no necessary
implication in this statement as to the source of the degree of readiness => could be due to hereditary
determination/through environmental determination => usually due to the interaction between the two
,Interest: person’s inclination/urge to engage in some type of activity
Attitude: tendency to favor/not to favor (shown objectively by approach-withdrawal behavior) some
type of object/situation
Temperamental qualities: person’s general emotional disposition: optimism, moodiness, self-
confidence/nervousness
Creative personality: matter of those patterns of traits that are characteristic of creative persons
Creative pattern: manifest in creative behavior: includes activities like: inventing, designing,
contriving, composing & planning => people who exhibit these types of behavior to a marked degree:
creative
Big Five Limitations & Drawbacks
Big Five: limitations & drawbacks => the technical procedures applied in factor analyses may be
ambiguous & the lexical foundations on which the Big Five rests may be questionable: FFM: broad in
scope => may gloss over smaller but distinct important dimensions of personality => some factors
may need to be divided into smaller components => most obvious factor for which a further division is
useful: E => when examining the content of the E dimension: clear that two somewhat distinct
subdimensions appeared: confidence-dominance-achieving & sociability => these two dimensions:
related to one another: being sociable & outgoing: accompanied by confidence & leadership qualities
=> the achievement drive & sociability components: not synonymous: one can be quite ambitious &
confident without being sociable & vice versa: when studying highly creative people (are often very
ambitious-confident but not necessarily sociable)
Final limitation of Big Five: scales & items from personality inventories do not always map cleanly
onto the Big Five => those scales are lost/ignored in a Big Five analysis: sixteen personality factor
questionnaires: factor A (warmth) loads on A & on E, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire:
psychoticism scale loads on A, C & O => not included in the Big Five meta-analysis
Brainstorming
Brainstorming: most popular ways to produce creative ideas in groups => based on two principles:
deferment of judgment & quantity breeds quality => claim: use of these principles: helps to free the
creative potential inherent in groups
Deferment of judgment requires a clear separation of idea generation & idea evaluation
Criticism of one is ideas & that of ideas of others: not allowed during the idea generation phase
Original ideas: often unusual/seem even slightly bizarre: may easily fall victim to self-censure &
censure from others => ruling out criticism should increase the quantity of ideas produced &
according to the second principle: idea quality
By emphasizing quantity of ideas as the desired outcome: hope to further reduce group members’
tendency to be critical of the ideas that were produced
Four rules of brainstorming: criticism is ruled out, free-wheeling is welcomed, quantity is wanted &
combinations & improvements are sought: if these rules were adhered to: the average person can think
up twice as many ideas when working with a group than when working alone
Causal Theory of Creativity
Most ambitious & inclusive theory of personality & creativity: Eysenck: argued for a causal theory of
creativity: begins with genetic determinants: hippocampal formation (dopamine & serotonin),
cognitive inhibition & psychoticism => leads to trait creativity & creative achievement: most
appealing aspect of this model: testable => interest in this model: the relation between genetic &
neurochemical processes & trait creativity => the direct precursor to creative achievement
Key component implicated in the biologically based model: cortical arousal => high arousal is
associated with a narrowing of attention & low arousal is associated with a widening of attention =>
makes such a link plausible: research: has found that creativity depends on a wide attentional focus &
an expansion of cognitive searching to the point of overinclusion => a defining characteristic of
psychoticism: from these speculations: follow that creative thinking is related to low cortical arousal
=> a research program tested this idea systematically & has found support for it => as measured by
stress: high arousal reduces creative solutions to problems & as measured by an EEG: low arousal was
related to more creative problem solving: but: low cortical arousal is evident only during the
inspiration stage & not throughout creative insight/during baseline measures => creative individuals:
, tend to have higher resting arousal levels => consistent with the high cortical arousal of introversion &
its relation to creativity
Cognitive definition of creativity
Creativity: often decomposed into three distinct but: interrelated (not necessarily highly correlated)
components: cognitive flexibility, fluency & originality
Cognitive evaluation theory
According to cognitive evaluation theory: situational factors can affect intrinsic motivation through
two aspects: a controlling & informational aspect => influence how individuals judge their
competence & self-determination on a task: the relative saliency of these two aspects determines
whether they have a positive/negative effect on intrinsic motivation
Controlling aspects of contextual factors bring individuals’ behavior under control of the constraint &
may include pressure to attain a certain outcome/attempt to induce/coerce a person to act in a specific
way => when the controlling aspect is salient: the perceived locus of causality (self-determination)
should be external => negative effect on intrinsic motivation
Informational aspects of contextual factors provide people with information about their self-
determination & task competency & may include providing individuals with behaviorally relevant
information without exerting pressure/leading individuals to feel that they are performing competently
on a task => when the informational aspect is salient & positive information is expected,
conveyed/perceived: intrinsic motivation will remain stable/increase
Cognitive evaluation theory: hypothesizes that perceived locus of control has direct positive effects on
intrinsic motivation & mediates the effects on an external factor on intrinsic motivation
Cognitive experiential self-theory
Cognitive experiential self-theory: people can vary over time in the extent to which they process
information rationally/experientially
Rational system: operates primarily at the conscious level & is intentional, analytical, primarily verbal
& relatively affect free
Experiential system: assumed to be automatic, preconscious, holistic, associationistic, primarily
nonverbal & intimately associated with affect
Based on these premises: predicts facilitation of aspects of creative thinking & deterioration of
analytic thinking when the experiential system compared with the rational system is used
Present experiment: unlikely that distant future thinking is more associated with experiential
processing modes than with rational mode compared to near future thinking but: thinking about things
that may occur the very next day may lead to a greater feeling of urgency & be more affectively
arousing than those imagined to occur in the more distant future => do not believe CEST can
parsimoniously explain the present results
Cognitive tuning model
Theories like the cognitive tuning model: suggest that individuals’ moods & emotions affect their
motivation & performance on creative tasks
Based on the cognitive tuning hypothesis: argued that positive mood states signal a problem free
environment & lead to flexible processing & a broad attentional focus => negative mood states signal
a problematic environment & lead to systematic processing & a narrow attentional focus => based on
these ideas: predicted that positive activating mood states stimulate category diversity & negative
activating mood states stimulate within-category fluency
Componential framework
Task motivation: contributes to learning domain-relevant skills & to set-breaking creativity relevant-
skills, it influences problem/task representation: external/internal stimulus which influences
preparation: building up &/reactivating store of relevant information & response algorithms: this is
also influenced by domain-relevant skills, it leads to response generation
Response generation: search memory & immediate environment to generate response possibility is
also influenced by task motivation & by creativity-relevant skills, it influences response validation:
test response possibility against factual knowledge & other criteria which is influenced by domain-
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