Summary Neuroanatomy, Neurohistology and Neurogenesis
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Course
Neuroscience (BIOL2051)
Institution
University Of Southampton (UOS)
A summary of semester 1 year 2 neuroscience lectures. Covers a brief overview of year 1 action potentials, basic neuroanatomy, neurohistology and development of the nervous system from the neural plate.
µ④IM
Neuroscience is an
integrative discipline
-
includes behavioural aspects as well as generic Topics to be studied -
neuroanatomy
-
molecular neuroscience -
brain development ,
construction of neural circuits molecular
,
aspects of synaptic unction
Systems neuroscience
sensory systems ( pain
-
touch ,
hearings motor
systems
-
. ,
i: ÷÷÷÷¥:÷:÷
First Year Topic -
divisions of the nervous system Motor = efferent, visceral and somatic
Visceral = sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric
-
1st
Year Topic -
neurons
f.
nown
Ramon Y
•
neuro anatomist
Dyes
Cajal
in
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show connections
FEEL www.giia.eu
IN PNS -
Schwann cells t
sat elite cells
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First Year Topic
-
-
ionic basis of the action potential
started the field op
-
neuroanatomy
-
Drew
diagrams of how cats connect
•
By adding selective channels, a diffusion potential is
generated -
causes difference in cone across membrane
model systems electrochemical gradient
• C.
elegans used for molecular
-
manipulation,
• Concentration gradient t
Fruit fly ( Drosophila) the relationship between the
•
•
Equilibrium potential -
•
Locusts electrochemical gradient + the development of a
potential difference
• Mouse -
Used for mammalian studies
First Year Topic First Year Topic synaptic -
transmission
-
nernst equation
Action potential arrives at
synapse
-
Has constant a
t
Ift
T temperature IN
E,
-
=
loge 1kt ] in
i. valence or .
ion
nerve terminal depolarises
f :
faraday constant
( it forth )
not
change
Voltage
" "
Ca channels open Ca
,
gated
0
simplifies
-
to
in
Em V. 61.51g ,oEH 0 Vesicles bind to the membrane
migrate
t
µ, in
•
Used to calculate the electrical 0 Neurotransmitters are released into the
synapse
potential of a chemical reaction 0 NTS bind to
receptors on
postsynaptic neuron
•
shows direct relation between
energy or a con and its
participating
°
Postsynaptic potentials svmmate until membrane
ions reaches the threshold for an action potential
, NN11 BASIS OF THE RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL AND THE
ACTION POTENTIAL Inside of membrane is more -ve
than outside
Properties of neurones Giant squid AK0N Used amplified voltmeter
Excitability °
o The first detailed studies on
excitability
-
in 40 's 150 's
°
Integration filtering +
propagation of
signals generation of an output Giant tractable atoms are accessible for experimentation
-
o
,
Transmission of Electrode inserted inside axon and one outside .
signals
° o
calculated volt
potential difference using an
amplified
Plasticity Change in the ways they behave tacitability
° -
meter
0 Found the inside the axon is respect
of negative with
-
HOW is membrane potential generated ? to the outside
Difference in between the inside
What happens
• ion concentration +
the outside of the atom
when
permeability changes ?
when
eg an ion channel is
opened
-
.
Nat/I5m#
10N INSIDE OUTSIDE
° Nat wants to into the cell down its cont
move -
h gradient ( electrochemical ) Excitatory
electrical -
Chi 4- 30mm 110mm ( Depolarisation )
0kt concentration gradient means it wants to move out
0 Selective permeability Of the membrane to kt Na+ in Cell but its
of the
electrical gradient means it wants to remain
o 10h pumps maintain gradients eg Nat Iht ATPase -
.
-
K+ out inside the
out
cell -
electrochemical
gradient cures it to move
Inhibitory (
Hyperpolarisation)
-
Electro
genie blocked by ouabain the nernst
equation
-
tells us that the overall movement
-
Of the Kt ions is out of the
(Eu is negative)
cell
-
Machines can be used to control membrane potential
Equilibrium potential ,
E ( Nernst equation) the electrical
charge experimentally t reverse the flow of ions
charged
-
""""
on one
they can decrease the internal membrane potential
:[
"""
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E-
II [ION 'T in
z -
valence of ion
+ -
faraday constant Ionic basis of the action potential
° Used to the two ( electrical concentration )
compare gradients t
← potassium current
starts to take over
°
determines the direction of iron movement at
given
membrane potential
any we feedback
loop
• converts chemical gradient to an electrical gradient I
rapid depolarisation -
caused
by polarisation
Simplified :
rapid activation of
Nat channels
voltage-gated [
EmV= 61.5 log ,
LIONI out
[ IONI in
(at 374 for mammalian
neurones)
excitatory
resting potential
event
my
µ
15 membrane
potential set only by permeability to kt ? -
no
-
Predicted slope on membrane potential -
[ KT1 out graph would be
a
straight line -
58mV per tenfold
change in [htt
Actual empirical values from experiments produce
In depolarisation -
Vm approaches Ewa the
spine is due to
-
a curve shows that
-
.
Ct ions are also
Nat t
important a transient increase in Pna
In re polarisation -
Vm approaches EK the spine is due
.
to a
transient increase in PK
Goldman Constant Field Equation
Em =
61.5 log '
PKLK t PNatnattotpcllcl.li
pkfnttitPNAINai.li TP4 4DO
Hodgkin that ,
1948
aimed to find out if action potential was
totally sodium dependant
-
-
managed to eradicate the action potential by removing eternal Nations
-
inward movement of Nat is the basis of an AP
-
the membrane is impermeable to Nat at rest
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