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Summary AQA ALEVEL BIOLOGY - CELLS - cell structure
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lots of mind maps for each type of organelle! great for an in-depth study session and revision!
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Carbohydrates - Mono/Di-Saccharides
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AQA A-Level Biology Summary Notes: 3.1.3 Lipids
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FF
E
=
Function
cell membrane membrane is elastic therefore cell can change shape in animals
membrane
<plasma to control movements of substances in and out of the cell.
to act as a
boundary and to
protect cell contente
M
structure
Large molecules are moved across
using carrier
proteins which requires energy in the
form of ATP.
Based on the fluid-mosaic model which
Fat-soluable molecules pass
suspendedonthe
suggestsproteinmolecules through by dissolving in the phospholipids.
water-soluablemolecules are
as
caqua poins) in the membrane.
, te
Manufactureribosomal
contains chromosomes
made of DNA which
carries a code about
x
making proteins(protein -
synthesis) now the
and
cell develops
Function Double membrane (anuclear
it.
organelle
structure: largest envelope) surrounding
Its outer membrane
is continuous with thee,the
small spherical region usually sphencal and endoplasmic reticulum of
manufacturesribosomal
within nucleoplasm between 10 and
Cell.
RWA and assembles the 200m in
diameter
ribosomes
Nucleolus The nuclear envelope
often has ribosomes
and
on its surface
cell structure controlls the entry and
may be more than one 3.4 Eukaryotic
nucleolus in a nucleus. exit of materials in and
outofthenucleus reading
and
place within it.
The nucleas
diameter)
Clargest organelle 10-200m in
chromosomes only
visible when thecell is
about to divide Pores in envelope allows
movement of molecules outinto
chromosomes consist of the cytoplasm (e.g mRNA)
protein-bound, linear DNA. chromatio Nuclear pores
Typically around 3000
pores in each nucleus
made of DNA and Dense staining Each pore is around
protein material in the nucleus 40-100 nm indiameter
Nucleoplasm
Granular, jelly-like
contains nucleoli material
makes up buth of
nucleus
, (Extensive ER)
t present in cells that manufacture and stone
large
lipids continuous with the outer
quantities of carbohydrates, proteins and
liver and nuclear membrane
secretory cells
↑
e.g
↳epithelial cells in the
intestine. Function:
-
- bound
1 A network of membrane
flatterned cavities or passages in
the
cytoplasm called cisternate
An itra-cellular
transport system,
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) allows substances to be moved
around the cell.
provide a
pathway for
the transport of materials,
especially proteins, throughout Smooth ER-no ribosomes on the
I5ER
the cell. (RER) membrane, likely to be
transporting
y lipids or
synthesising hormones
v more tubular
in
Rough ER has abosomes on the
v
appearance
outside of the membrane, likely to
be
synthesising
and
transporting protein synthesise store and transpor
carbohydrates
↳
rough ER
provides a large surface
area for the
synthesis of protans
and
glycoproteins
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