Exam (elaborations)
Second interim test SCC
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Exam of 3 pages for the course Social Continuity and Change at VU (.)
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Second Interim TestSCC, master Sociology 2021-2022
Noura Ibrahim 2700341
Sunday 17 October 2021
Question 1. (157 words)
Vertovec (2007) uses the term super-diversity to indicate that diversity is not just about
distinctions in ethnicity, but that variables such as immigration statuses, labor market
experience, gender and age profiles also play a role. The interaction between these factors is
what Vertovec calls super-diversity. Crul (2015) adds that one can only speak of super-
diversity when there is no clear majority of a certain ethnicity within a group. Crul therefore
looks at diversity in a local and national context, depending on where the group is located. In
addition, Crul makes a comparison in super-diversity between birth cohorts. According to
him, the composition of ethnic groups changes with each newer generation: between men and
women and between the highly and less educated.
In comparison to Vertovec, who gives an abstract description of super-diversity, Crul
establishes concrete frameworks to delineate when one can speak of super-diversity, with the
aim of studying (on an international level) the current social context of cities.
Question 2. (166 words)
Populist movements present themselves as movements that represent citizens and stand up for
the interests and rights of these (often nationalist) citizens. Their goal is to gain political
power and bring about radical changes. They advocate for a democracy based on citizens who
they believe make a true contribution to society and are the only ones entitled to its benefits
(Betz, 2004).
Predatory identities are usually larger groups within societies that also have their own culture,
ideology and political views. The predatory identity feels threatened by other small groups in
society (minorities). For a predatory identity to exist, it is important that other
collectivities/identities in society are eradicated (Appadurai, 2006).
The connection between populist movements and predatory identities is that both involve a
citizen group that has its own culture, ideology and political position within a society. Both
want to "eradicate" minorities within society to secure the interests of their own majority.
Under no circumstances are the groups willing to compromise or share political ground with
other groups within society.
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