Glossary
Chapter #1
Cultural Psychology: A sub-field in Culture-specific: A psychological
psychology that studies the cultural process that is considered to be true
foundations of psychological for some people of some cultures but
processes and human behaviour. It not for others.
includes theoretical and Culture: A set of ideas, behaviours,
methodological frameworks that posit attitudes and traditions that exists
(hypothesize) an important role for within a large group of people. It is
culture and its influence on mental passed on from one generation to
processes, behaviours, and values. another.
Cross-cultural research: A research Deviation from temperate
procedure that examines the cultural climate: The degree to which the
parameters of psychological average temperature of a given region
knowledge. Traditionally, it involves will differ from what is considered to
research on human behaviour that be the relatively, "easiest"
compares psychological processes temperature to live in, which is 22°C
between 2 or more cultures. [In the (about 72°F) (Matsumoto & Juang,
book: it also incorporates knowledge 2016, p.9)
contrasting human cultures versus Population density: The number of
nonhuman animal cultures. This people living within a given unit of
approach is primarily concerned with space. In a place like a city, in which a
testing the possible limitation of large number of people live in a small
knowledge gleaned (collected) from one space, the population density is higher
culture by studying people of different than in a rural area where fewer
cultures.] people live in a similar amount of
space.
Arable land: A type of land that can
sustain life by food production of
some sort.
, Universal psychological toolkit: A Tightness vs Looseness: Tight
set of basic psychological skills and cultures tend to be less flexible and
abilities that people can use to meet share similar respect towards the
their needs. These include complex norms. Loose cultures are much more
cognitive skills, language, emotions, flexible and have a variety of
and personality traits. (Matsumoto & behaviours.
Juang, 2016, p.11) Cultural Worldviews: A standard
Shared intentionally: Knowledge underlying belief and attitude of
about motivations concerning people towards the world which is
behaviours that are common among influenced by their culture.
people in a group. Enculturation: The process of
Ratchet effect: The concept that acquiring the values and norms
humans continually improve, that they necessary to their culture.
do not go backwards or revert to a Ethics: Aspects of life that are
previous state. Progress occurs consistent across cultures.
because improvements move upward, Emics: Aspects of life that differ from
much like a rachet. other cultures.
Values: Trans-situational goals that Social axioms: General beliefs and
serve as a guiding principle in the life premises (laws) about oneself, the
of a person or a group (e.g. kindness, social and physical environment, and
creativity). Values motivate and justify the spiritual world. A judgment about
behaviour and serve as standards for the relationship between two or more
judging people, actions, and events. entities or concepts.
(Matsumoto & Juang, 2016, p.22)
Sacred values: Values considered to
be non-negotiable. They differ from
normal values because they
Chapter #2
Validity: Degree to which the findings
incorporate moral beliefs that drive
or measurements are accurate or
action in ways dissociated from
representative.
prospects for success. Across the
Reliability: Degree to which the
world, people believe that devotion to
findings or measurements are
core values (such as the welfare of
consistent.
their family and country or their
Cross-culture validation study: A
commitment to religion, honour, and
study to examine whether a specific
justice) is, or ought to be, absolute
culture measure that was created is
and inviolable. Such values outweigh
applicable and equivalent to other
other values, particularly economic
cultures.
ones. (Matsumoto & Juang, 2016,
Indigenous cultural studies:
p.23)
Studies that use rich and in-depth
descriptions of cultures and cultural
differences to predict and test for
differences in psychological variables.
Chapter #1
Cultural Psychology: A sub-field in Culture-specific: A psychological
psychology that studies the cultural process that is considered to be true
foundations of psychological for some people of some cultures but
processes and human behaviour. It not for others.
includes theoretical and Culture: A set of ideas, behaviours,
methodological frameworks that posit attitudes and traditions that exists
(hypothesize) an important role for within a large group of people. It is
culture and its influence on mental passed on from one generation to
processes, behaviours, and values. another.
Cross-cultural research: A research Deviation from temperate
procedure that examines the cultural climate: The degree to which the
parameters of psychological average temperature of a given region
knowledge. Traditionally, it involves will differ from what is considered to
research on human behaviour that be the relatively, "easiest"
compares psychological processes temperature to live in, which is 22°C
between 2 or more cultures. [In the (about 72°F) (Matsumoto & Juang,
book: it also incorporates knowledge 2016, p.9)
contrasting human cultures versus Population density: The number of
nonhuman animal cultures. This people living within a given unit of
approach is primarily concerned with space. In a place like a city, in which a
testing the possible limitation of large number of people live in a small
knowledge gleaned (collected) from one space, the population density is higher
culture by studying people of different than in a rural area where fewer
cultures.] people live in a similar amount of
space.
Arable land: A type of land that can
sustain life by food production of
some sort.
, Universal psychological toolkit: A Tightness vs Looseness: Tight
set of basic psychological skills and cultures tend to be less flexible and
abilities that people can use to meet share similar respect towards the
their needs. These include complex norms. Loose cultures are much more
cognitive skills, language, emotions, flexible and have a variety of
and personality traits. (Matsumoto & behaviours.
Juang, 2016, p.11) Cultural Worldviews: A standard
Shared intentionally: Knowledge underlying belief and attitude of
about motivations concerning people towards the world which is
behaviours that are common among influenced by their culture.
people in a group. Enculturation: The process of
Ratchet effect: The concept that acquiring the values and norms
humans continually improve, that they necessary to their culture.
do not go backwards or revert to a Ethics: Aspects of life that are
previous state. Progress occurs consistent across cultures.
because improvements move upward, Emics: Aspects of life that differ from
much like a rachet. other cultures.
Values: Trans-situational goals that Social axioms: General beliefs and
serve as a guiding principle in the life premises (laws) about oneself, the
of a person or a group (e.g. kindness, social and physical environment, and
creativity). Values motivate and justify the spiritual world. A judgment about
behaviour and serve as standards for the relationship between two or more
judging people, actions, and events. entities or concepts.
(Matsumoto & Juang, 2016, p.22)
Sacred values: Values considered to
be non-negotiable. They differ from
normal values because they
Chapter #2
Validity: Degree to which the findings
incorporate moral beliefs that drive
or measurements are accurate or
action in ways dissociated from
representative.
prospects for success. Across the
Reliability: Degree to which the
world, people believe that devotion to
findings or measurements are
core values (such as the welfare of
consistent.
their family and country or their
Cross-culture validation study: A
commitment to religion, honour, and
study to examine whether a specific
justice) is, or ought to be, absolute
culture measure that was created is
and inviolable. Such values outweigh
applicable and equivalent to other
other values, particularly economic
cultures.
ones. (Matsumoto & Juang, 2016,
Indigenous cultural studies:
p.23)
Studies that use rich and in-depth
descriptions of cultures and cultural
differences to predict and test for
differences in psychological variables.
