Kwalitatieve Methoden In Pedagogisch Onderzoek (P0R92A)
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Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Een volledige samenvatting van het vak Kwalitatieve onderzoeksmethoden in het schakeljaar/schakelprogramma van pedagogische wetenschappen
met zowel ALLE lessen/Powerpoints als de uitleg van de prof
Kwalitatieve Methoden In Pedagogisch Onderzoek (P0R92A)
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SAMENVATTING KWALITATIEVE METHODEN
GEMAAKT DOOR: ANKE MATHIJS
1 PLAATS VAN KWALITATIEVE METHODEN IN HET METHODOLOGISCHE ONDERWIJSAANBOD ................... 6
2 H1: WAT IS KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK? ................................................................................................... 6
2.1 DE KWANTITATIEVE METHODE VAN HET POSITIVISME ........................................................................................... 6
2.2 WAT MET KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK? ............................................................................................................... 6
2.3 10 SPECIFIEKE KENMERKEN VAN KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK ................................................................................... 7
2.4 4 ALGEMENE ‘HORIZONTALS’/KENMERKEN IN KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK .................................................................. 8
3.1 WAT IS EEN CK EN WAT DOET HET? ................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 ONDERDELEN VAN EEN CK .............................................................................................................................. 9
3.3 SETTING EN CONTEXT (MICRO/MACRO) ............................................................................................................. 9
3.4 DOELEN EN ONDERZOEKER.............................................................................................................................. 9
3.5 ONDERZOEKSFENOMEEN .............................................................................................................................. 10
3.6 THEORETISCH KADER ................................................................................................................................... 10
3.6.1 de rol van theorie in kwalitatief onderzoek ................................................................................... 11
3.6.2 theoretisch kader: 4 heuristische dimensies .................................................................................. 11
3.6.3 theoretisch kader speelt een rol in: ............................................................................................... 11
3.7 REFLEXIVITEIT EN DIALOOG ........................................................................................................................... 12
3.8 HOE CONCEPTUEEL KADER OPBOUWEN ........................................................................................................... 12
3.9 BESLUIT: EEN CK IS… ................................................................................................................................... 12
3.10 KENNISCLIP CONCEPTUEEL EN THEORETISCH KADER ............................................................................................ 12
3.10.1 conceptueel kader ......................................................................................................................... 12
3.10.2 theoretisch kader........................................................................................................................... 12
4 H3: ONDERZOEKSDESIGN EN VRAAGSTELLING ....................................................................................... 13
4.1 ONDERDELEN VAN QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN............................................................................................ 13
4.1.1 tk (theoretisch kader) .................................................................................................................... 13
4.1.2 kiezen van een geschikte ob .......................................................................................................... 13
4.1.3 topic, doelen en rationale .............................................................................................................. 13
4.1.4 rq’s (= onderzoeksvragen) ............................................................................................................. 15
4.1.4.1 Wat zijn Research Questions? ................................................................................................................... 15
4.1.4.2 Tot goede rq’s komen: een procesmatige aanpak ..................................................................................... 15
4.2 RECURSIVITEIT............................................................................................................................................ 17
4.3 RELATIE RQ-ONDERZOEKSBENADERING............................................................................................................ 17
4.4 MAAR .................................................................................................................................................... 17
4.5 WAT IS HET VERSCHIL TUSSEN EEN CONCEPTUEEL EN THEORETISCH KADER? ........................................................... 18
4.6 KIEZEN & TESTEN VAN METHODES .................................................................................................................. 19
4.7 PLANNEN VAN VALIDITEIT ............................................................................................................................. 19
4.8 RESEARCH DESIGN....................................................................................................................................... 20
5 H4: DATAVERZAMELING ......................................................................................................................... 20
5.1 SLAPPE KWALITATIEVE KOST: CHRONOLOGISCH-LINEAIR ...................................................................................... 20
5.2 KWALITATIEF ONDERZOEK: ITERATIEF & RECURSIEF ............................................................................................ 20
5.3 REFLEXIVITEIT IN DATAVERZAMELING: OMDAT JIJ HET VOORNAAMSTE INSTRUMENT BENT .......................................... 21
5.3.1 veldwerk- & verzamelingsmemo’s................................................................................................. 21
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, 5.3.2 research journal............................................................................................................................. 22
5.3.2.1 research log ............................................................................................................................................... 22
5.3.3 dialogical engagement .................................................................................................................. 22
5.3.4 research interviews ....................................................................................................................... 23
5.4 NAAST QRD EN REFLEXIVITEIT, OOK NOG HET BELANG VAN EEN SAMPLING PLAN ...................................................... 23
5.5 SITE & PARTICIPANT SELECTION (P.81-85) ...................................................................................................... 23
5.6 SELECTIE VAN SETTING(S), M.I.V. TIJD EN PLAATS .............................................................................................. 23
5.6.1 tijd ................................................................................................................................................. 23
5.6.2 plaats ............................................................................................................................................. 23
5.7 SELECTIE VAN PARTICIPANTEN ....................................................................................................................... 24
5.7.1 single significant case: n = 1 .......................................................................................................... 24
5.7.2 vergelijkingsgefocust: gelijkenis & verschil ................................................................................... 24
5.7.3 groepskarakteristieken .................................................................................................................. 24
5.7.4 theorie-gefocust ............................................................................................................................ 24
5.7.5 instrumenteel, multiple case ......................................................................................................... 25
5.7.6 sequentieel, emergence driven ...................................................................................................... 25
5.7.7 analytisch ...................................................................................................................................... 25
5.7.8 mixed/gestratificeerd/nested ........................................................................................................ 25
5.8 PROTOCOLLEN: DATAVERZAMELING (INTRODUCTION) ........................................................................................ 25
5.9 PROTOCOLLEN: INTERVIEWS.......................................................................................................................... 25
5.10 PROTOCOLLEN: FOCUSGROEPEN .................................................................................................................... 26
5.11 PROTOCOLLEN: OBSERVATIONAL FIELDNOTES ................................................................................................... 27
5.12 PROTOCOLLEN: DOCUMENTENANALYSE ........................................................................................................... 28
5.13 DENK AAN HET ONDERZOEKSFENOMEEN .......................................................................................................... 28
5.14 HOE PARTICIPANTEN VINDEN EN OVERTUIGEN?................................................................................................. 28
6 H5: DATAVERZAMELING DEEL 2 .............................................................................................................. 29
6.1 METHODES VAN DATAVERZAMELING............................................................................................................... 29
6.1.1 interviews ...................................................................................................................................... 29
6.1.1.1 wat ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
6.1.1.2 waarom...................................................................................................................................................... 29
6.1.1.3 kenmerken (voor alle) ............................................................................................................................... 30
6.1.1.4 types .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
6.1.1.5 types: voor- en nadelen ............................................................................................................................. 31
6.1.1.6 voor, tijdens en na het interview ............................................................................................................... 31
6.1.1.7 nog een aantal algemene tips .................................................................................................................... 32
6.1.1.8 transcripties ............................................................................................................................................... 32
6.1.1.9 sterktes en uitdagingen ............................................................................................................................. 32
6.1.2 observational fieldnotes ................................................................................................................ 33
6.1.2.1 wat ............................................................................................................................................................. 33
6.1.2.2 fieldnotes = het registreren van observaties ............................................................................................. 33
6.1.2.3 types .......................................................................................................................................................... 33
6.1.2.4 observaties ................................................................................................................................................ 33
6.1.2.5 wat observeren? ........................................................................................................................................ 34
6.1.2.6 OVER PARTICIPEREN .................................................................................................................................. 34
6.1.2.7 sterktes en uitdagingen ............................................................................................................................. 34
6.1.3 focusgroepen ................................................................................................................................. 35
6.1.3.1 wat ............................................................................................................................................................. 35
6.1.3.2 oorsprong .................................................................................................................................................. 35
6.1.3.3 een focusgroep doen ................................................................................................................................. 35
6.1.3.4 alternatieve vormen van focusgroepen: meer structuur .......................................................................... 35
6.1.3.5 sterktes en uitdagingen? (OOK IN VGL MET INTERVIEWS) ........................................................................ 36
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, 6.1.4 documenten en gearchiveerde data .............................................................................................. 36
6.1.4.1 vb 1: tijdschriften ....................................................................................................................................... 36
6.1.4.2 vb 2: websites ............................................................................................................................................ 36
6.1.4.3 vb 3: etnografie ......................................................................................................................................... 36
6.1.4.4 van belang ................................................................................................................................................. 36
6.1.4.5 sterktes en uitdagingen ............................................................................................................................. 37
6.1.5 participatorische methoden .......................................................................................................... 37
6.1.5.1 wat ............................................................................................................................................................. 37
6.1.5.2 gemeenschapsgebaseerde mondelinge getuigenissen: cbot .................................................................... 37
6.2 BESLUIT 1 ................................................................................................................................................. 38
6.3 BESLUIT 2: EEN AANTAL CENTRALE VRAGEN M.B.T. REFLEXIVITEIT EN/IN DATAVERZAMELING ..................................... 38
6.4 BESLUIT 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 38
7 H7: RESEARCH ETHICS AND THE RELATIONAL QUALITY OF RESEARCH .................................................... 39
7.1 ETHIEK ..................................................................................................................................................... 39
7.1.1 relationele ethiek........................................................................................................................... 39
7.1.2 relationele eerder dan procedurele ethiek .................................................................................... 39
7.1.3 waarom formele richtlijnen voor ethisch handelen binnen onderzoek? (irb&commissies,
gedragscode)? ............................................................................................................................................... 39
7.1.4 sociale wetenschappen en menswetenschappen: wel degelijk een belangrijke kwestie .............. 40
7.1.5 ethische commissies ...................................................................................................................... 40
7.1.6 ethische commissie: voor het onderzoek van start gaat ............................................................... 40
7.1.7 aan het begin van het onderzoek .................................................................................................. 41
7.1.7.1 ! geïnformeerde toestemming .................................................................................................................. 41
7.1.8 tijdens het onderzoek .................................................................................................................... 41
7.1.9 tijdens en na het onderzoek .......................................................................................................... 42
7.1.10 doorheen het onderzoek................................................................................................................ 42
7.2 CONCLUSIE ................................................................................................................................................ 43
8 H8: DATA-ANALYSE: EEN INTEGRALE BENADERING ................................................................................ 43
8.1 WAT IS KWALITATIEVE DATA-ANALYSE (QDA)? .................................................................................................. 43
8.2 INTERPRETATIE (IN QDA) .............................................................................................................................. 44
8.3 HOE QDA KRITISCH BENADEREN? (TABEL 8.1)................................................................................................... 44
8.4 EEN INTEGRALE BENADERING T.O.V. QDA......................................................................................................... 44
8.4.1 summatief en formatief................................................................................................................. 44
8.4.2 iteratief en recursief ...................................................................................................................... 45
8.4.3 analytische triangulatie ................................................................................................................. 45
8.4.4 op zoek naar alternatieve perspectieven ...................................................................................... 45
9 H9: METHODES VAN DATA-ANALYSE ...................................................................................................... 46
10.1.1 richtvragen .................................................................................................................................... 54
10.1.2 5 onderzoeksbenaderingen ........................................................................................................... 55
10.2 FENOMENOLOGIE ....................................................................................................................................... 55
10.2.1 belangrijke kenmerken .................................................................................................................. 56
10.2.2 types .............................................................................................................................................. 56
10.2.3 studie-afhankelijk eerder dan lineair ............................................................................................. 56
10.2.4 voordelen ....................................................................................................................................... 56
10.2.5 uitdagingen ................................................................................................................................... 56
10.3 GROUNDED THEORY .................................................................................................................................... 57
10.3.1 belangrijke kenmerken .................................................................................................................. 57
10.3.2 types .............................................................................................................................................. 58
10.3.3 studie-afhankelijk eerder dan lineair ............................................................................................. 58
10.3.4 voordelen in vgl met fenomenologie ............................................................................................. 59
10.3.5 uitdagingen ................................................................................................................................... 59
10.4 ETNOGRAFIE .............................................................................................................................................. 59
10.4.1 oorsprong ...................................................................................................................................... 59
10.4.2 belangrijke kenmerken .................................................................................................................. 60
10.4.3 types .............................................................................................................................................. 60
10.4.4 studie-afhankelijk eerder dan lineair ............................................................................................. 61
10.4.5 voordelen ....................................................................................................................................... 61
10.4.6 uitdagingen ................................................................................................................................... 61
10.5 CASE STUDY ............................................................................................................................................... 61
10.5.1 wat is case study onderzoek? ........................................................................................................ 62
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