Summary

Samenvatting neurofysiologie (L01A6A)

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Course
Neurofysiologie (L01A6A)

Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)

Dit document bevat een samenvatting van het deel neurofysiologie, gegeven door prof. Cajsa Tonoli. De samenvatting bestaat uit alle informatie van het acco handboek. Alle hoofdstukken (H1-12) zijn er volledig en zeer duidelijk in samengevat. De samenvattingen per hoofdstuk zijn ook apart ve...

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Uploaded on November 29, 2022
Number of pages 121
Written in 2022/2023
Type Summary

neurofysiologie
neurale communicatie
neurotransmissie
neuromodulatie
neuroplasticiteit
neurogenese

Institution
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Education
Kinesitherapie En Revalidatiewetenschappen
Course
Neurofysiologie (L01A6A)

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Neurofysiologie
4: Inleiding tot de
neurofysiologie
Inhoudsopgave
4.1 Doelstellingen.......................................................................................................................................... 5

4.2 Structuur en functies van het zenuwstelsel...............................................................................................6
Het autonome zenuwsysteem..............................................................................................................................6
Het somatische zenuwstelsel...............................................................................................................................6

4.3 Ontwikkeling van het zenuwstelsel........................................................................................................... 7
4.3.1 Van neurale buis tot centraal zenuwstelsel................................................................................................7
4.3.2 Neurogenese, neurale proliferatie en migratie van corticale cellen...........................................................7
4.3.3 Verdere groei van het CZS...........................................................................................................................8
4.3.4 Neurogenese in de volwassen mens...........................................................................................................8

5.1 Doelstellingen........................................................................................................................................ 14

5.2 Introductie............................................................................................................................................. 14

5.3 Neuronen............................................................................................................................................... 14
5.3.1 Structuur van neuronen............................................................................................................................14

5.4 Types van neuronen............................................................................................................................... 16

5.5 Gliale cellen........................................................................................................................................... 17
5.5.1 Oligodendrodyten en Schwann cellen.......................................................................................................17
5.5.2 Astrocyten.................................................................................................................................................18
5.5.3 Microgliacellen..........................................................................................................................................18

5.6 Gunstige en schadelijke effecten van neuro-inflammatie........................................................................19

5.7 Myeline: een klinische benadering.......................................................................................................... 19
5.7.1 Demyelinisatie in het perifeer en centraal zenuwstelsel...........................................................................19

6.1 Doelstellingen........................................................................................................................................ 26

6.2 Neurale communicatie/signalisatie......................................................................................................... 26

6.3 Het membraanpotentiaal / rustpotentiaal..............................................................................................27
6.3.1 Het neuronaal membraan.........................................................................................................................27
6.3.1.1 Ion-kanalen...........................................................................................................27
6.3.1.2 Ion-pompen...........................................................................................................28

,6.4 De actiepotentiaal.................................................................................................................................. 28
6.4.1 Drempelwaarde tot het actiepotentiaal...................................................................................................28
6.4.2 Depolarisatie.............................................................................................................................................28
6.4.3 Repolarisatie.............................................................................................................................................28
6.4.4 Hyperpolarisatie........................................................................................................................................28
6.4.5 Refractaire periode....................................................................................................................................28
6.4.6 Snelheid van het signaal............................................................................................................................29

6.5 Richting van informatieoverdracht in neuronen......................................................................................29

6.6 Structuur van een synaps....................................................................................................................... 29

6.7 Gebeurtenissen ter hoogte van de synaps.............................................................................................. 30

6.8 Elektrische synapsen en potentialen....................................................................................................... 30

6.9 Neuronale circuits.................................................................................................................................. 31

7.1 Doelstellingen........................................................................................................................................ 36

7.2 Neurotransmitters en neuromodulatoren...............................................................................................36
7.2.1 Biochemische classificatie van neurotransmitters....................................................................................37
7.2.2 Functionele classificatie van neurotransmitters.......................................................................................38

7.3 Enkele voorbeelden van neurotransmitters en neuromodulatoren.........................................................38
7.3.1 Acetylcholine.............................................................................................................................................38
7.3.2 Aminozuren...............................................................................................................................................39
7.3.2.1 Glutamaat.............................................................................................................39
7.3.2.2 Glycine en GABA...................................................................................................39
7.3.3 Amines.......................................................................................................................................................40
7.3.3.1 Dopamine (DA)......................................................................................................40
7.3.3.2 Norepinefrine/Noradrenaline...............................................................................40
7.3.3.3 Serotonine (5-HT)..................................................................................................41
7.3.4 Neuropeptiden..........................................................................................................................................41
7.3.4.1 Substantie P..........................................................................................................41

7.4 Erogene effect van voedingssupplementen om de neurotransmissie en hersenfunctie te bevorderen.....42
7.4.1 BCAA..........................................................................................................................................................42
7.4.2 Tryptofaan.................................................................................................................................................42
7.4.3 Tyrosine.....................................................................................................................................................42
7.4.4 Koolhydraten.............................................................................................................................................42

7.5 Stoornissen van de synaptische functies................................................................................................. 43

8.1 Doelstellingen........................................................................................................................................ 48

8.2 Neuroplasticiteit.................................................................................................................................... 48

, 8.2.1 Gewenning................................................................................................................................................49
8.2.2 Ervaringsafhankelijke plasticiteit: leren en geheugen..............................................................................49
8.2.3 Lange termijn potentiatie & lange termijn depressie...............................................................................50
8.2.4 Transcraniële magnetische stimulatie (TMS)............................................................................................52
8.2.5 Neuroplasticiteit en astrocyten.................................................................................................................52

8.3 Axonaal letsel......................................................................................................................................... 52
8.2.1 Axonaal letsel in het perifere zenuwstelsel...............................................................................................53
8.3.2 Axonaal letsel in het centraal zenuwstelsel..............................................................................................54

8.4 Cellulair herstel van een letsel................................................................................................................ 55
8.4.1 Veranderingen aan de synapsen na een letsel..........................................................................................55
8.4.2 Functionele corticale reorganisatie na een letsel......................................................................................56
8.4.3 Activiteitsgerelateerde veranderingen in de vrijgave van neurotransmitters..........................................57

8.5 Neurogenese.......................................................................................................................................... 57

8.6 Effecten van revalidatie op neuroplasticiteit...........................................................................................58
8.6.1 Vroege revalidatie.....................................................................................................................................58
8.6.2 Specifieke types van revalidatie zijn effectief tijdens de chronische fase post-stroke..............................58

9.1 Doelstellingen........................................................................................................................................ 64

9.2 Introductie............................................................................................................................................. 64

9.3 Effecten van fysieke activiteit op cognitieve functies...............................................................................65
9.3.1 Synaptische plasticiteit en regelmatige fysieke activiteit in de hippocampus..........................................65
9.3.2 De effecten van een éénmalige fysieke activiteit op de hersenen en cognitieve functies........................66
9.3.2.1 Intensiteit en duur van training............................................................................67
9.3.3 De effecten van langdurige training op cognitieve functies.....................................................................68

9.4 Mechanismen........................................................................................................................................ 68
9.4.1 Neurogenese.............................................................................................................................................68
9.4.2 Synaptogenese..........................................................................................................................................69
9.4.2.1 BDNF – Inleiding....................................................................................................69
9.4.2.2 BDNF en fysieke activiteit.....................................................................................69
9.4.2.3 IGF-1......................................................................................................................70
9.4.2.4 IGF-1 en fysieke inspanning..................................................................................70
9.4.3 Angiogenese..............................................................................................................................................71

9.5 Neuro-inflammatie................................................................................................................................. 71

9.6 Toekomst van fysieke activiteit voor specifieke patiëntenpopulaties......................................................71
9.6.1 Gecombineerde therapieën.......................................................................................................................72

10.1 Somatosensorisch systeem................................................................................................................... 77

, 10.2 Inleiding............................................................................................................................................... 77

10.3 Reuk en smaak..................................................................................................................................... 77
10.3.1 N. Olfactorius, N. Glossopharyngeus, N. Facialis....................................................................................77

10.4 Auditief en vestibulair systeem – N. Vestibulocochlearis.......................................................................77
10.4.1 De cochlea...............................................................................................................................................78
10.4.2 Het geluid................................................................................................................................................78

10.5 Somatosensorisch systeem – Sensoren................................................................................................. 78
10.5.1 Tactiele sensoren.....................................................................................................................................79

10.6 Proprioceptie....................................................................................................................................... 80
10.6.1 Spierspoeltjes..........................................................................................................................................80
10.6.2 Het golgi-pees orgaan.............................................................................................................................80
10.6.3 Gewrichtsreceptoren...............................................................................................................................81
10.6.4 Thermale sensoren en nociceptoren.......................................................................................................81

10.7 Neurale verwerking.............................................................................................................................. 81
10.7.1 Ruggenmerg en thalamus.......................................................................................................................81
10.7.2 Primaire somatosensorische cortex S1...................................................................................................82
10.7.3 Secundaire somatosensorische cortex S2...............................................................................................82

10.8 Visuele systeem: sensoren.................................................................................................................... 83

10.9 Neurale verwerking in het visuele systeem...........................................................................................83
10.9.1 Vroege neurale verwerking.....................................................................................................................83
10.9.1.1 Relfexen..............................................................................................................84
10.9.2 Visuele cortex..........................................................................................................................................85
10.9.3 Ventrale en dorsale stroom.....................................................................................................................85
10.9.4 Functionele specialisatie.........................................................................................................................85

10.10 Multisensorische integratie................................................................................................................ 86

11.1 Doelstellingen...................................................................................................................................... 92

11.2 Introductie........................................................................................................................................... 92

11.3 Traumatische hersenletsels.................................................................................................................. 93

11.4 Pathofysiologie van een sport-gerelateerde TBI....................................................................................95
11.4.1 Excitotoxiciteit.........................................................................................................................................95
11.4.1.1 Gevolgen van TBI ten aanzien van cognitieve functies.......................................96
11.4.2 Neuro-inflammatie en cytokines.............................................................................................................97
11.4.3 Oxidatieve stress.....................................................................................................................................98

11.5 Celdoodmechanismen na TBI................................................................................................................ 98

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