Dit document bevat een samenvatting van het deel neurofysiologie, gegeven door prof. Cajsa Tonoli.
De samenvatting bestaat uit alle informatie van het acco handboek. Alle hoofdstukken (H1-12) zijn er volledig en zeer duidelijk in samengevat.
De samenvattingen per hoofdstuk zijn ook apart ve...
Neurofysiologie
4: Inleiding tot de
neurofysiologie
Inhoudsopgave
4.1 Doelstellingen.......................................................................................................................................... 5
4.2 Structuur en functies van het zenuwstelsel...............................................................................................6
Het autonome zenuwsysteem..............................................................................................................................6
Het somatische zenuwstelsel...............................................................................................................................6
4.3 Ontwikkeling van het zenuwstelsel........................................................................................................... 7
4.3.1 Van neurale buis tot centraal zenuwstelsel................................................................................................7
4.3.2 Neurogenese, neurale proliferatie en migratie van corticale cellen...........................................................7
4.3.3 Verdere groei van het CZS...........................................................................................................................8
4.3.4 Neurogenese in de volwassen mens...........................................................................................................8
5.3 Neuronen............................................................................................................................................... 14
5.3.1 Structuur van neuronen............................................................................................................................14
5.4 Types van neuronen............................................................................................................................... 16
5.6 Gunstige en schadelijke effecten van neuro-inflammatie........................................................................19
5.7 Myeline: een klinische benadering.......................................................................................................... 19
5.7.1 Demyelinisatie in het perifeer en centraal zenuwstelsel...........................................................................19
6.3 Het membraanpotentiaal / rustpotentiaal..............................................................................................27
6.3.1 Het neuronaal membraan.........................................................................................................................27
6.3.1.1 Ion-kanalen...........................................................................................................27
6.3.1.2 Ion-pompen...........................................................................................................28
,6.4 De actiepotentiaal.................................................................................................................................. 28
6.4.1 Drempelwaarde tot het actiepotentiaal...................................................................................................28
6.4.2 Depolarisatie.............................................................................................................................................28
6.4.3 Repolarisatie.............................................................................................................................................28
6.4.4 Hyperpolarisatie........................................................................................................................................28
6.4.5 Refractaire periode....................................................................................................................................28
6.4.6 Snelheid van het signaal............................................................................................................................29
6.5 Richting van informatieoverdracht in neuronen......................................................................................29
6.6 Structuur van een synaps....................................................................................................................... 29
6.7 Gebeurtenissen ter hoogte van de synaps.............................................................................................. 30
6.8 Elektrische synapsen en potentialen....................................................................................................... 30
7.2 Neurotransmitters en neuromodulatoren...............................................................................................36
7.2.1 Biochemische classificatie van neurotransmitters....................................................................................37
7.2.2 Functionele classificatie van neurotransmitters.......................................................................................38
7.3 Enkele voorbeelden van neurotransmitters en neuromodulatoren.........................................................38
7.3.1 Acetylcholine.............................................................................................................................................38
7.3.2 Aminozuren...............................................................................................................................................39
7.3.2.1 Glutamaat.............................................................................................................39
7.3.2.2 Glycine en GABA...................................................................................................39
7.3.3 Amines.......................................................................................................................................................40
7.3.3.1 Dopamine (DA)......................................................................................................40
7.3.3.2 Norepinefrine/Noradrenaline...............................................................................40
7.3.3.3 Serotonine (5-HT)..................................................................................................41
7.3.4 Neuropeptiden..........................................................................................................................................41
7.3.4.1 Substantie P..........................................................................................................41
7.4 Erogene effect van voedingssupplementen om de neurotransmissie en hersenfunctie te bevorderen.....42
7.4.1 BCAA..........................................................................................................................................................42
7.4.2 Tryptofaan.................................................................................................................................................42
7.4.3 Tyrosine.....................................................................................................................................................42
7.4.4 Koolhydraten.............................................................................................................................................42
7.5 Stoornissen van de synaptische functies................................................................................................. 43
, 8.2.1 Gewenning................................................................................................................................................49
8.2.2 Ervaringsafhankelijke plasticiteit: leren en geheugen..............................................................................49
8.2.3 Lange termijn potentiatie & lange termijn depressie...............................................................................50
8.2.4 Transcraniële magnetische stimulatie (TMS)............................................................................................52
8.2.5 Neuroplasticiteit en astrocyten.................................................................................................................52
8.3 Axonaal letsel......................................................................................................................................... 52
8.2.1 Axonaal letsel in het perifere zenuwstelsel...............................................................................................53
8.3.2 Axonaal letsel in het centraal zenuwstelsel..............................................................................................54
8.4 Cellulair herstel van een letsel................................................................................................................ 55
8.4.1 Veranderingen aan de synapsen na een letsel..........................................................................................55
8.4.2 Functionele corticale reorganisatie na een letsel......................................................................................56
8.4.3 Activiteitsgerelateerde veranderingen in de vrijgave van neurotransmitters..........................................57
8.6 Effecten van revalidatie op neuroplasticiteit...........................................................................................58
8.6.1 Vroege revalidatie.....................................................................................................................................58
8.6.2 Specifieke types van revalidatie zijn effectief tijdens de chronische fase post-stroke..............................58
9.3 Effecten van fysieke activiteit op cognitieve functies...............................................................................65
9.3.1 Synaptische plasticiteit en regelmatige fysieke activiteit in de hippocampus..........................................65
9.3.2 De effecten van een éénmalige fysieke activiteit op de hersenen en cognitieve functies........................66
9.3.2.1 Intensiteit en duur van training............................................................................67
9.3.3 De effecten van langdurige training op cognitieve functies.....................................................................68
10.3 Reuk en smaak..................................................................................................................................... 77
10.3.1 N. Olfactorius, N. Glossopharyngeus, N. Facialis....................................................................................77
10.4 Auditief en vestibulair systeem – N. Vestibulocochlearis.......................................................................77
10.4.1 De cochlea...............................................................................................................................................78
10.4.2 Het geluid................................................................................................................................................78
11.4 Pathofysiologie van een sport-gerelateerde TBI....................................................................................95
11.4.1 Excitotoxiciteit.........................................................................................................................................95
11.4.1.1 Gevolgen van TBI ten aanzien van cognitieve functies.......................................96
11.4.2 Neuro-inflammatie en cytokines.............................................................................................................97
11.4.3 Oxidatieve stress.....................................................................................................................................98
11.5 Celdoodmechanismen na TBI................................................................................................................ 98
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