Everything from the Cell Biology classes that you need to know for the knowledge and theme tests of course 3, neatly arranged in bullet points. Definitions you should memorize are bold.
Note that information from Course 2 is omitted. You need the knowledge from Course 2 to understand this document...
HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Bachelor of Life Sciences
Propaedeutic Year
Course 3: Molecular Biological research on DNA and Proteins
Notes by Melchior Philips (http://melch.io/r)
, Biomolecules
Biomolecules are molecules that are present and synthesised in biological systems.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates (polysaccharides) are a polymer of sugars (monosaccharides).
Carbohydrates are polymerized by means of dehydration synthesis, and are digested by
means of hydrolysis.
o Every link produces 1 H2O molecule when formed, and costs 1 H2O molecule to
break.
Sugars can vary in three different ways:
o Number of C-Atoms (Triose, Tetrose, Pentose, Hexose)
o Position of Carbonyl Group
If it's at the end, it's an Aldose.
If it's in the middle, it's a Ketose.
o Spatial arrangement around asymmetric carbons
Basically on what side of the carbon backbone the hydroxyl group is located.
o There are also deoxy sugars, which are variations of the same sugar with one oxygen
atom less.
e.g. Deoxyribose vs. Ribose
Sugars can have an α and β arrangement, also known as trans- and cis- respectively.
o On a cis arrangment, the hydroxyl group at the final carbon is on the same side of
the sugar molecule as the hydroxyl group on the 1-carbon. With trans it is on the
other side.
o Starch is a polymer of α-Glucose. It can be digested by humans.
o Cellulose is a polymer of β-Glucose. It cannot be digested by humans.
Lipids
Lipids store energy. More efficiently so than saccharides.
Lipids are a polymer of fatty acids, bound together with ester linkages.
Lipids can be saturated or unsaturated.
o Saturated fats have only single bonds
o Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds, causing the molecule to bend and
take up more space.
Cis-unsaturated fats have a double bond where both hydrogens are at the
same side of the double bond.
Trans-saturated fats have a double bond where the hydrogens are at
different sides of the double bond.
Phospholipids are amphipathic; they are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
o The head is hydrophilic and consists of Choline, a Phosphate and a Glycerol.
o The tail is hydrophobic and consists of two fatty acids.
Cholesterol is a hormone, and thusly a lipid. In the cell membrane it reduces fluidity of the
membrane (increases viscosity), and hinders solidification (freezing) of the cell membrane at
low temperatures.
Course 3 Chemistry page 2 http://melch.io/r
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