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Media, Tijd en Ruimte hoorcollege 4: Flow, Liveness, Event
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Hoorcollege aantekeningen van het vak Media, Tijd en Ruimte (UvA) . Aantekeningen in Engels/Nederlands
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26/02: Flow, Liveness, Eventvrijdag 12 februari 2016 08:57
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• Vandaag: wat voor structuur geeft media aan onze alledaagse leven?
○ Broader explanation of why it's so difficult not to look at your mobile phone during this lecture
○ What structures do media offer so that we feel the need to use them constantly?
How do they structure the temporal organisation of information
How do they define 'now' that we can share even if we're not present at the same place
○ Analyse different forms of how media structures time
• Verschillende media structureren tijd op een andere manier en er is een historische ontwikkeling
• The temporality of media
○ Part 1: Flow/Liveness/Event
○ Part 2: Flow/Real Time/ Pace
○ Historical: broadcast vs. interface/platform temporality
○ Systematic: media specific vs. cross media temporality
Relatie tussen temporality of one media and temporality created by interplay between media
Part 1
• Segmentation of culture
• Schedule
○ Time always was structured by schedules. Oude traditie van roosters en schema's maken
○ In 19th century a lot of different schedules, different forms of patterning, came. They all became
standardized and rationalized. Stoomschip maakte het nodig om een vast rooster te hebben.
○ Schedule became dominant thing in 19th century. What you did everyday was shaped by a schedule.
• Seriality
○ Things do not happen once, but happen regularly. They are repeated.
○ Trein gaat ieder uur
• Karakteristiek voor 19e eeuw is dat scheduling and seriality impact hebben op de productie van cultuur
○ A lot of literature was produced in serial form. Published in newspapers in serial form. Each week an
episode/chapter.
○ With seriality you can produce a solid audience. Dingen zoals de cliffhanger was toen in newspaper novels
veel gebruikt
○ In vroege 20e eeuw, rond 1910, films waren ook als serial forms geproduceerd
• Program and curation
○ Program
Program is characteristic in theatre and musical, gaat vooraf aan massamedia
Structure where individual pieces are collected and put together into a bigger unity.
□ Theater, vroege film, concert
They are announced
Program is double notion:
□ What you get
□ Thing you get in advance, what you can expect
Raymond Williams: "What we do in our daily life became dominated by these cultural forms. Other
people collect things, put them in a program and that is what is offered to us"
○ Curation
They put things together
Decide which individual pieces would make up a nicer bigger thing
Media zet ook delen samen
Tegenwoordig is dat algoritmische curatie
• Bovenstaande zaken dominante vorm van hoe cultuur is georganiseerd
• Tv had sterke structuur als programma en heeft dat nog
• Programma's hebben interrelatie met daily life
○ Television with it's program shaped our rythm of daily life
Programma bepaald wanneer we voor de tv zitten
○ Maar televisie is ook aangepast aan de gewoontes van de mens
National newsprogramma's waren geprogrammeerd op het moment dat je verwacht dat de meeste
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, National newsprogramma's waren geprogrammeerd op het moment dat je verwacht dat de meeste
mensen thuis zijn van werk en gegeten hebben en er klaar voor zijn om te kijken
• Eerst waren er duidelijke onderscheidingen tussen individuele delen op tv
○ Tussen losse onderdelen was er een pauze
• Tv gids met programma is nog steeds dominant
• Williams maakt duidelijk dat dit concept van programma heel belangrijk is want het staat voor de discussie van
mix & proportion
○ How much of this and how much of that do we put in the program
○ Political question
How much entertainment, news, education
Political question
• Programma is vandaag nog steeds relevant maaaar zoals Williams zegt: "there has been a significant shift from
the concept of sequence as programming to the sequence as flow"
• Flow as culture and technologie
○ "This phenomenon, of planned flow, is then perhaps the defining characteristic of broadcasting,
simultaneously as a technology and as a cultural form" (Williams, 86)
Als technologie: je kan televisie starten met de switch of a button. Er is altijd iets om te kijken, in
onze privé homes. It accompanies our daily life. We verwachten dat er altijd iets te zien is als wij iets
willen kijken
Cultural form: because it is a planned sequence in which people use flow and create flow to keep an
audience in front of television and structure attention
○ "What is being offered is not a programme of discrete units with particular insertions, but a planned flow,
in which the true series is not the published sequence of programme (gids) items but this sequence
transformed by the inclusion of another kind of sequence, so that these sequences together compose the
real flow, the real 'broadcasting' ". (Williams, p. 91)
Wat niet in de gids staat, zijn de reclames tussendoor, trailers voor andere programma's
Reclames worden ook weer herhaald in series
Er is geen duidelijk onderscheid waar soap (over afwassen) overgaat in reclame over afwasmiddel
The hele verhaalstructuur van een soap of serie is ook zo gestructureerd dat er onderbrekingen zijn
○ "Flow is a new kind of communication phenomenon that has to be recognized"
○ Nieuwe manier hoe we cultuur ervaren
• Methodologische vraag van W: "hardly everthing is ever said about the characteristic experience of flow itself"
○ In media analyseren we vooral individuele shows. Bijna nooit wordt de show van een televisieprogramma
geanalyseerd. Hoe kunnen we dit analyseren?
○ We benaderen tv nog steeds als een programma van individuele items terwijl we het ervaren als een flow
• Flow and events/liveness
○ Ruimte voor echte gebeurtenissen in een flow
○ Tweede specifiek kenmerken van tv, naast flow, is liveness
○ Flow = strategy to keep attention of viewers
○ Liveness = strategy to get attention of viewers
○ Bij liveness denken we snel aan grote media events
Media events as "high holidays of mass communication" (Dayan/Katz)
□ Media events are moments in which the medium celebrates itself. It celebrates what it can do.
□ It's also a high holiday because like holidays they interrupt the flow and make something
special out of it
Regular schedule of programme is interrupted for high holiday like World cup, election.
Schedule is re-organized to make place for this. Weken van tevoren aangekondigd
○ Ander voorbeeld van liveness, waarbij het iets anders betekent, is liveness bij onverwachte gebeurtenissen
9/11, aardbevingen, toen iemand bij NOS met een geweer binnenkwam en het avondnieuws niet
uitgezonden kon worden
Hier was liveness het meest present als onderbreking
Event in the most literal sense. Event = moment in which something happens that distinguishes past
and future. Event does not have duration. It is a point in time. Difference between what was and
what will come.
○ Actual event, which only takes a moment, is replayed, discussed. And this is what makes the media event
out of what happened
○ Liveness is underlined and showcased by technologies which are not live.
In voetbal wedstrijd: goal is het meest belangrijke event, maar we zien 10 replays, which are not live
Event = moment in which something happens. Consequences aren't the event. There is never a true
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