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Samenvatting SV inleiding sociologie
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Samenvatting voor het van inleiding sociologie (boek sociologie, een inleiding)
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INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGYH1 QUESTIONS
LEARNING GOALS
- Verschil tussen sociologische en individuele perspectieven van menselijk gedrag beschrijven
- Proximate en ultimate oorzaken van menselijk gedrag
- Verschil tussen micro, meso en macro level beschrijven
- Overeenkomsten en verschillen tussen sociaal probleem en sociaal fenomeen
- 3 doelen sociologie
- Verschil tussen normatieve en wetenschappelijke vragen
- Formuleren van beschrijvende, theoretische en toepassingsvragen
- Vragen formuleren naar specifieke vragen
- Societal en wetenschappelijke relevantie kunnen beschrijven
- Beschrijven hoe privé sociologen verschillen van academische sociologen
- Beschrijven hoe cumulatieve sociologische wetenschap werkt
1.1 SOCIOLOGISCH PERSPECTIEF
Individual perspective type of explanation of human behavior which focuses on individual causes
Sociological perspective type of explanation of human behavior which focuses on social causes
Social context social environment in which people are embedded
Social phenomenon collective human behavior
Sociologie staat bekend om het begrijpen van menselijk gedrag in een sociale context. Het gaat dus echt om sociale oorzaken die
dat gedrag bepalen. Het sociologisch perspectief staat voor sociale oorzaken, in tegenstelling tot individuele oorzaken. Zo is er bv
ook een meer gezamenlijke uitkomst.
Proximate causes factors that are close to the phenomena to be explained (individual cause?)
Ultimate causes factors that underlie proximate causes, deeper/hidden in the background
Er zijn 3 mogelijke relaties tussen sociologisch en individueel perspectief:
1. Het sociologisch perspectief vult het individuele perspectief aan (supplementair), niet in conflict.
2. Alternatief perspectief is dat slechts 1 van de 2 er toe doet als oorzaak
3. Proximate en ultimate oorzaken (p-oorzaken worden uitgelegd door u-oorzaken)
Micro level the level at which individuals operate (students)
Meso level social contexts at the intermediate level (schools, families, neighborhoods, religious community)
Macro level social contexts that are broader than meso units (nations, continents, country, world regions)
,1.2 SOCIALE PROBLEMEN
Social problem/public issue
1. goes beyond the indivdual and personal problems (it affects many people)
2. is an issue about which many people are concerned (inconflict with certain values)
Een sociaal probleem is niet per definitie pas een probleem als het op landelijke schaal te zien is. Denk bv ook aan corruptie binnen
organisaties, pesten op school, discriminatie, onveiligheid in buurten.
Personal trouble problem related to the personal life of an individual
1.3 3 DOELEN SOCIOLOGIE
1. Describe (beschrijven)
Een accurate beschrijving geven van het sociale fenomeen.
2. Explain (wetenschappelijke uitleg)
Sociologen moeten komen met een wetenschappelijk onderbouwde verklaring voor het fenomeen.
Er word empirische data gebruikt om verklaringen te verduidelijken.
3. Apply (kennis toepassen)
Om bv voorspellingen te doen over verloop, meer diepgang te bieden over onderwerpen
Social intervention social policity measure (to reduce social problems). Subject to scientifical insights and imperical work.
Societal relevance relevance of sociological work fort he understanding of social problems
1.4 3 SOORTEN SOCIOLOGISCHE VRAGEN
Normative question question that entails value judgments (should we…?) > social problems
Scientific questions question that does not entail value judgments. 3 types: descriptive, theoretical, application
1. descriptive question
Scientific question targeted towards describing phenomena (what, how much?)
2. theoretical question
Scientific question targeted towards understanding phenomena (why?)
3. application question
Scientific question targeted towards applying scientific knowledge (future, consequences intervention)
1.5 DE KUNST VAN GOEDE SOCIOLOGISCHE VRAGEN STELLEN
2 elementen voor het ontwerpen van een goede sociologische vraag:
1. Precisie vage formulering en heeft meerdere interpretaties
2. Relevantie meer begrip of uitbreidende kennis over een onderwerp
Ill-defined question question which is vague and ambigious
Precise question question which has clear interpretation (explicit in what you are interested in)
Bv How high was the male homicide rate in England in the year 2015? Q(d)
Question ingredients elements of a question which can be specified
1. Behavior of interest
2. Social context
3. Period
4. Populations
, Scientific relevance relevance of sociological work fort he accumulation of sociological knowledge
Literature review systematic overview of the theories and observations that are knnown (background knowledge), typically in a
certain specialized field of research
False theoretical question theoretical question which aims to explain something that does not exist
Comparative-case question question which includes some comparison of cases, such as multiple social contexts, multiple moments
in time and/or multiple populations
1.6 SOCIOLOGIE EN GEZOND VERSTAND
Trick over of armoede is toegenomen, gehalveerd of hetzelfde is over de afgelopen 20 jaar> uitleg vragen/ geven. Het gezonde
verstand helpt ons met dagelijkse praktische zaken (gedrag tegenover een ander, navigeren naar je werk, relaties onderhouden
etc). Impliciet, intuïtief, goed voor kleine problemen.
Common sense everyday thinking, intuitions, beliefs and perceptions
Private sociologists the way human beings, in daily life, make sense of the social world. As long as they are prone to, among other
things, intuitive thinking, implicit reasoning, development of incoherent and vague ideas, keeping knowledge private and searching
for confirmations.
Academic sociology the way academic institutions describe and explain the social world. Characteristics are the systematic way of
gathering knowledge, making explanations public and subject to criticism, the development of coherent theories and rigorous
testing.
Handsight bias if you are confronted with facts that oppose our prior assumptions, and understand that too
Confirmation bias confronting thoughts with reality, then search for observations that confirm their ideas and disregard facts that
might undermine their ideas
1.7 SOCIOLOGIE ALS CUMULATIEVE WETENSCHAP
Cumulative science the practice that theories and observations of earlier studies are incorporated in the work of successive studies
Background knowledge the theories and observations that are known before the study commences
H1 SAMENVATTING
• The sociological perspective explains human behavior with social contexts that individuals share and
thereby differs from the individual perspective.
• The sociological perspective can be supplemental to the individual perspective, it can offer an alternative
and it can provide ultimate causes that are to be distinguished from proximate causes.
• Individuals (micro level) share social contexts, which can be identified at the meso level (e.g.,
neighborhoods, families) and macro level (e.g., countries).
• Social problems are problems that go beyond the individual and about which many people are concerned.
• Sociologists study the scientific element to social problems, i.e., they study social phenomena.
• Rather than asking normative questions, sociologists raise scientific questions.
• The aims of sociology are to come up with accurate scientific descriptions and theoretical explanations for
social phenomena, and to apply this knowledge.
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