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ANTH 201 Full Course Notes
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ANTH 201 Full Course Notes
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2022‐11‐2CHAPTER 12
THE EMERGENCE OF
ANATOMICALLY MODERN
HUMANS
ANATOMICALLY MODERN HOMO SAPIENS
(AMH)
Appear in fossil record 150‐
200,000 years ago skull isverysimilartoinfantsofotherapesmonkeys
Higher, more rounded cranium
Average cranial capacity 1,500
cc
Domesticanimalsalsoshowthisprocessalsosuggestthat
More vertically oriented
forehead
bonobos are
Small brow ridges
Smaller and flatter face
veryprosocial
Smaller teeth
Well‐developed chin
More lightly built postcranial
skeleton with straighter, less
robust limb bones
mm
AMH APPEAR IN AFRICA THEN MIGRATE OUT Migrationhappend in wavesoutofAfrica
Oldest Homo sapiens are in Africa
Omo 195,000 ya 1stwaveHomoerectus
2ndwave
Herto, Ethiopia 160,000 ya
In the “near East ” (ex Israel) by 100,000 ya
3rdwavehomosapiens
Many locations
In Western Europe by 45,000 ya
Many locations
Imekindofwatercraftwasused
Cro-magnon
, 2022‐11‐2
GENETICALLY VS ANATOMICALLY VS BEHAVIOURALLY
MODERN HUMANS s to e n t
Fossil record: 150 – 200,000 ya (although modern human brain size
300,000ya)
DNAispronetoissuesandinterpratationespeciallyinAfricaasitisexposed
Modern human DNA: 265 – 350,000 ya
Behaviourally modern humans: 50‐65,000 ya thenewerfossilsinEurope
totheelementsunlike
awaysofthinking
What ’s going on here? Why do anatomy, genes and behaviour seem
disconnected from one another?
3differentdatesdueto evi
dance
Brain size not necessarily same as brain architecture/cognition
Fossil record is patchy
DNA evidence relatively new and open to interpretation
Modern intelligence can exist without material evidence (ie. brain vs cultural
evolution
MITOCHONDRIAL EVE Anotherversionofthegenetic
view
Cann et al. (1987)
Anymutationsare andspreadapart
random
147 modern women from around the world
Little mDNA genetic variation – small pop that expanded rapidly
Africanwomenhave
nighvariationmeaningtheyaretheoldestmeaning
All living women share a common ancestor 180–90 ka
mtDNA of African women, most variation
theoldestmodernhumanisfromAfricaAll
humans havedecended
might
fromAfricaspecificallyher
population
3 theories
ANATOMICALLY MODERN HOMO SAPIENS AND ARCHAICS ultimatelumpersweareanhomoerectusthenspreadoutand
becamelocal
homosapienspeciesregionaldifferencesareduetoeach
a Multiregional evolution
on
Evolution from Homo erectus into Homo sapiens
everywhere
Morphological continuity in each region
Balance of local adaptation with some gene flow
totheirenvironmentsThisisanoldviewevi
groupadapting dance that
s nows
formsatthesametimesAllother
themigrationoutofAfricasnowsdifferent
b
Out of Africa (with complete replacement)
Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and spread out (as above)
with no interbreeding
no
mospeciesweredeadendsandwereplacedallofthemwithnointer
breadin
c Out of Africa (with assimilation)
M
Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and spread out (as above) ofbothwedidinter
combination breadandthespecificregionalgroups
with some interbreeding
becamethe
dayhumansinthatregionthroughoutcompeting
modern
different
species
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