CALT Exam Prep_People (Questions & Answers)

Rudolph Flesch - answer-Started the issue of the great debate to the publics attention on how best to teach a child to read. This came about in his book. "Why Johnny Can't Read" (Mid 1950s) Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith - answer-Developed the Top-Down approach to reading instruction. Believed that reading should be taught through immersion in children's literature . Teaches reading without breaking it down into parts. Whole Language based, emphasis is on guessing at words rather than sounding them out. (1980s) G. Reid Lyon - answer-Became the coordinator of the research for NICHD. (1985) Top-Down Theory - answer-led by Kenneth Goodman and Frank Smith **strong meaning-based position **Goodman calls reading a "psycholinguistic guessing game" **rather than read every word, good readers select out on the essential textual information **only focus on individual words/sounds when text does not make sense, and the reader needs to go back and reread **this is Whole Language characteristic Bottom-Up Theory - answer-emphasis on the subprocesses of the reading act and its contention that many of these subprocesses, such as letter and word identification, must become automatic in order for readers to be fluent. (Alphabetic Phonics) Interactive Theory - answer-readers simultaneously initiate word identification and predict meaning----these are reciprocal events analytical approach - answer-whole to part (Top-Down) put the whole word on the board/discover what's the same, how it can be broken down into component parts synthetic approach - answer-part (letters) to whole words (bottom up) linguistics-based beginning reading approach - answer-Learning to recognize word families (bat, cat, hat, ) D. Berlin (1887) - answer-Coined the term "dys" -- meaning difficult, "lexia" -- meaning pertaining to words. James Hinshelwood (1917) - answer-"word blindness" -- ophthalmologist from Scotland that discovered that the left hemisphere of the brain affected word storage Samuel Orton () - answer-Neuropsychiatrist from Columbia University in New York who first recognized dyslexia students in America. He discovered that approximately 10% of students will not learn using the whole words method. Also coined the term "strephosymbolia" (twisted words), which replaced the former term word blindness. Dr. Madonald Critchley (1964) - answer-Established term "developmental dyslexia" at the World Federation of Neurology meeting at the Scottish Rite Hospital. Marianne Frosig (1960) - answer-Did visual tracking research. Findings show there is no relationship between dyslexia and vision acuity. Isabelle Liberman () - answer-Did research on phonological awareness that linguistic information is stored in its phonological form (all word recognition requires letter-sound access). Also studied phonological processing deficits affecting the ability to make use of letter-sound associations as an effect of rapid retrieval problems. Discovered tapping exercises. Hugh Catts (1986) - answer-Speech language pathologist working at the University of Kansas. Did remedial work for programs to improve phonological awareness. Keith Stanovich (1980) - answer-Researched the process of phonics and the need to attach sound to symbol. Readers with poor word recognition are more reliant on context than good readers (comprehension work). Bonita Blachman - answer-professor at Syracuse University. Has done much research in the field of phonology and reading.Created Elkonian cards (kids who couldn't read couldn't segment sounds as well). Adolf Kusmaul - answer-1877 - first used the term "word-blindness". Anna Gillingham - answer-1930 - Psychologist and teacher in New York; along with Samuel T Orton at Columbia University, developed a non-traditional approach to teaching written language skills. Trained one teacher at a time, began working with Sally Childs and trained 50 teachers. Dr. Rudolf Berlin - answer-1887 - ophthalmologist - introduced the term dyslexia Dr. W. Pringle Morgan - answer-1896 - wrote first article in medical literature on "word blindness" in children Frank Smith - answer-Whole language. Founder of Whole language concept James Hinshelwood - answer-1904 - reported 2 cases of "congenital word blindness", called for schools to establish procedures for screening as well as appropriate teaching of those that were identified with congenital word-blindness Joe Torgesen - answer-nationally known for research on both the prevention and remediation of reading difficulties in young children as well as work on assessment of phonological awareness and reading Keith Stanovich - answer-His research in the field of reading was fundamental to the emergence of today's scientific consensus about what reading is, how it works and what it does for the mind. The Matthew Effect Kenneth and Yetta Goodman - answer-Whole language, Drop Everythng and read