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Class notes for Psychology Research Methods A
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These are class notes for Psychology divided by topics for A Level examinations of Excedel.
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Introduction to Research MethodsIndependent and dependent variables
• IV = Changes between conditions
• DV = What is measured
Operationalise = Putting something into a form that can be measured
MUST OPERATIONALISE BOTH VARIABLES
Hypotheses
• Aim = Achieve
• Hypothesis = Prediction about results
1. Experimental / Alternative (questionnaires or interviews) —> A ects DV
2. Null —> Does not A ect DV. ( ‘Any di erence will occur by chance’ )
A. One-tailed / Directional —> Ex. Exercise will improve memory
B. Two-tailed / Non-directional —> Ex. Exercise will a ect memory
Extraneous Variables
• SITUATIONAL V.
• PARTICIPANT V.
• EXPERIMENTER V.
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, Investigator Effects
• Non-verbal Communication
• Physical Characteristics
• Bias interpretation of data
Demand Characteristics
• Social desirability bias: Pleasing Experimenter
• Screw you e ect: Not Pleasing Experimenter
Experimental Design
RANDOMLY ASSIGNED = PARTICIPANTS ELECTED TO PARTICIPATE IN CONDITION 1 OR 2
BY CHANCE.
1) Repeated Measures
Advantages —> Removes participant variable of some people being better than others at an ability.
Disadvantages —> May have order e ects
—> May be likely to guess the aim of the experiment
• Counter Balancing ABBA
• Single-blind procedure more useful than RM
COULD BE AFFECTED BY DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
PARTICIPANTS ARE NOT TOLD THE AIM
2) Independent Groups
Advantages —> Removes order e ects
—> Less likely to guess the aim of the experiment
Disadvantages —> Participant variable being better at an ability than others
• Single-blind procedure more useful than RM
• Random Allocation
REDUCES P.V.
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