Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology Coursebook with CD-ROM
Biology AS level notes written in a neat and organized document. This PDF covers the summary of the first 6 chapters in the biology coursebook for syllabus 9700. Colored text with diagrams and key words, this PDF will help you understand the main concepts of Biology for your Igcse AS and A Level ex...
Magnification The number ofx
1-
Objective lens has
:
more than one setting :
↳ (4110,4%100)×1050 highest
larger animageisthanthe magnification is upto 100011 fig 1. mitochondrion under
real size of the object .
Wavelengths range from Electron microscope .
↳ 4001-0700 to calculate resolution use wavelength
2
Story of protein synthesis the smallest resolution we can
get
-
:
protein is made in RER then is 200hm
it's shipped in a vesicle to the
golgibodywhereitis modified The smallest
wavelength is Inmsothe smallest resolution is 0.5hm .
↳ it
-
danditrepacksintoa magnifies upto -10,000 ✗
vescileanditcanbeintra We have two types
cellular oroutra cellular TEM SEM
.
look at
lookatfigt fig 1.1
TEM : the electron beam the electron beam the electron beam is
the reflected off of the
passed through the specimen passes through
before being viewed - more specimen .
specimen .
fig 1.1 part of White
:
details canbeseen . 2.) Nucleoulous Cheese .
1.) Nucleus ↳
more resolution
Darkly stained region
-
↳ has double
0.5hm membranes
-
Produces Ribosomes
-
has nuclear pores 3.) Endoplasmic reticulm
↳ Rough ↳ smooth
SEM Electron beam is reflected
: -
has chromatin made of DNA and protein
from the surface of specimen has ribosome
control the activity of the cell steriods
synthesis
-
on
-
-
. .
The surface of structure can DNA → MRNA - > Protein surface -
has no ribosomes .
be seen with 3D extended from the outer
appearance
-
.
:..÷
less resolution compared to membrane
the TEM itis between 3hm Packing
za and
sniping of
-
-
1-
20hm .
proetins .
: 4
Ribosome 29hm
tlgi
Do
'
:
i. ÷ .
is
80s
it is made of RNA and has 2
types 705
have no membrane can make protein
synthesis .
Summary :
, 2
BE BEBE
BIOLOGY CHAPTER 't
20-9-21
Definition and keyword Main topic :
5
Golgi body
protein modification leg)
protein + carb Glycoprotein _-
fig 1.2 mitochondria
protein + lipids Lipoproteins _- :
8 Vacuole
a
bag that stores substances ( eg) : water + starch .
In animal cell -
.
Temporary + small
In plant cell :
permanent +
large
cell membrane called tonoplast .
9
Lysosome •
-
lysosome
It 's avescile that contains
that do the
digestive enzeymes
following :
-
digest Pathogens .
apoptosis programmed cell death
-
Digest the cellorpartof the cell .
10
Cytoskeleton ( microfillamint ,
microtubule )
it is a network ofproetin fibres
fix
organeles in place Pulling of chromosomes
-
-
movement of the cell
-
.
→
microtubule spindle
fiber
→ ←
microtubule
summary :
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