Management of Innovative Technologies in Community (AM_1181)
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Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
All lectures of MITCH (Management of Innovative Technologies in Community based Healthcare) (AM_1181), of the master Management, Policy analysis and Entrepreneurship in Health and Life Sciences, at VU Amsterdam
management of innovative technologies in community based healthcare
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Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Management, Policy-Analysis and Entrepreneurship in Health and Life Science
Management of Innovative Technologies in Community (AM_1181)
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Management of Innovative Technologies in Community-Based Care
HC 1 - What is innovation? And what is e-health and m-
health?
There are changes in the healthcare system:
- There is an increase of costs because there are many new technologies being developed, currently
in NL the HC costs are 51,1 billion euro
- There are demographic changes: with chronic diseases people have to get care from home. There
are more chronically ill people (in the past these people would not survive), and people get older.
And when people get older, services change → the amount of people aged 80 or over in the EU is
expected to more than double by 2050
- The healthcare systems are changing (for example by the implantation of home hospitals, or the
revolution of remote care)
- There are many technological opportunities, they mostly focus on ICT
- There is privatisation and competition (companies become private and make a lot of money).
Healthcare is aa lucrative industry due to the huge profits
- In COVID we have to consider the social factors besides the HC that’s being provided
(medical/prevention/modelling/sociology)
So there are changing demographics; we are getting older, this is driving the up the demand for
healthcare, and puts a strain on HC financing. Eating habits have an effect. And the middle class is
growing, because most people being at the lowest layer of the pyramid are getting more job prospects,
they become better and better due to getting education etc. Next to this there is accelerated
urbanization, and improved access to middle-class comforts and life style. There is a demand for new
directions in the delivery of healthcare. No one wants to pay too much when healthy, but everyone
wants the best possible care when ill. The pricing of the treatments is a complex multi-actor process.
In response to the rising costs and the demographical challenges, the HC systems are changing:
- Hospital to home: clients stay at home for longer / leave the hospital earlier
- More focus on informal care: informal and formal caregivers have to work together to organize
care efficiently. Informal caregivers are not trained healthcare professionals
- More focus on self-reliance of the client (cure – cope) = ‘seniorization’, this means the shift from
‘repair’ to ‘coping with the disease’. Nowadays more is expected from the patient, e.g. to measure
their own blood pressure from home instead of going to the hospital
What is innovation? An innovation is the implementation of a new or significantly improved product
(good or service), process, a marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices,
workplace organization or external relations. It should be a product that has to be new (file your patent
to check how novel it is), it should be a radical technology that is new in all aspects. The innovation
must be novel and must be able to implement. Innovation is an outcome, innovation is a process, and
innovation is a mindset. The innovation could be technological or non-technological. We refer to an
outcome, it could be a product or a technology or a process that could be innovative like for example
the transfer of a patient when there is an emergency case. Innovation in healthcare are ‘those changes
that help healthcare practitioners focus on the patient and other stakeholders by helping them to work
smarter, faster, better, and/or more cost effectively’.
But what is new?
- New uses: original products positioned in a new market without any big/significant change. Fore
example the use of VR glasses; first in pain/trauma after chemotherapy, now also applied in elderly
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,Management of Innovative Technologies in Community-Based Care
- New category entries: products that are new to company but not the consumer
- New markets: current offerings taken to new markets with minimal changes to the product
- New-to-the-world products: technological innovations that create a completely new market that
didn’t exist before. These innovations would be characterized as radical
Recombinant innovation: mix 2 colours and came up with new colours; combine 2 or more already
existing technologies/products to create a new product. Examples are telephones, these include a
camera, music player, internet and more.
Technological innovations refer to a product that is new or significantly changed with respect to its
characteristics or intended use. Service innovation embodies new elements introduced into an
organization, which do not principally involve supplying a good, and it consists of mainly intangible
combinations of processes, skills and materials. Services are generally: intangible (untouchable; cannot
be apprehended by the physical senses), heterogenous (transmitted from one to another; variability
in the quality parameters since they are transmitted from people to people), perishable (used as
offered with no possibility of storage, return, sale or even subsequent use), and inseparable
(concurrently (at the same time) being produced and consumed).
Innovation could be something completely new and radical in nature, but minor incremental
innovation count.
Incremental innovations; Radical innovations;
- Are based on old technology - Are based on linear technology
- The dominant design is unchanged - Leads to a new dominant design
- Do not lead to a paradigm shift - Can lead to a paradigm shift
- Have low levels of uncertainty - Have high levels of uncertainty
- Have improvement of existing - Introduce a whole set of performance
characteristics features
- Are a result of a rational response or - Are a result of change (serendipity) or
necessity research and development policy, and not
- Are driven by market pull necessity
- Are driven by technology
In HC, ICT+ is increasingly playing a role in almost all processes; data monitoring, self-care tools, apps,
diagnoses, DNA analysis (algorithms predicting diseases), and more. E-health is broad: the transfer of
health resources and health care by electronic means. M-health is a sub component: medical and
public health practice supported by mobile devices, such as mobile phones, patient monitoring
devices, personal digital assistants, and other wireless devices. Telemedicine: the use of ICT to improve
patient outcomes by increasing access to care and medical information. This all requires big data; high
volume, high velocity, and/or high variety information assets that require new forms of processing to
enable: enhanced decision making, better insights, process optimalization, and application of AI.
Why do we need innovation in healthcare? 1) There are rising costs, the current systems are inefficient,
medication is expensive and people changed their lifestyle. 2) There are medical errors, because data
is interpreted wrong or because of communication faults. 3) There is a gap between knowledge and
practice; professionals need to stay up to date, there is misinterpretation of information or data, and
improvement of the quality of care is needed. 4) Organization of healthcare, because there are
complex HC systems (many actors, roles, activities), there are inefficient HC systems, there is a change
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, Management of Innovative Technologies in Community-Based Care
in government regulations, there needs to be cooperation between caregivers, and the movement
from cure towards cope.
There needs to be acceptance of innovations in HC: how can be innovate HC? Is it perceived as useful?
Are there barriers? The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) of Davis talks about how innovations go
into use (Figure 1). But we also need diffusion in health care. This is shown in the Diffusion of
Innovation Theory (DOI) model of Rodgers (Figure 2).
Figure 1 – TAM model. Figure 2 – DOI model.
You can identify 5 different technology adoption categories, based on the time of adoption (Figure 3).
People can be categorized as;
- Innovators; they are venturesome and interested in new ideas. These people are very willing to
take risks, and are often the first to develop new ideas
- Early adopters; the people who represent opinion leaders. They enjoy leadership roles, and
embrace change opportunities
- Early majority; these people are rarely leaders, but they do adopt new ideas before the average
person. They typically need to see evidence that the innovation works before they are willing to
adopt it
- Late majority; these people are sceptical of change, and will only adopt an innovation after it has
been tried by the majority
- Laggards; these people are bound by tradition and very conversative. They are very sceptical of
change and are the hardest group to bring on board
Figure 3 – The five different technology adoption categories.
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