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Samenvatting Bio-organische Chemie Diergeneeskunde
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Samenvatting Bio-organische Chemie Diergeneeskunde
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lOMoARcPSD|11911780Diergeneeskunde Bio-Organische
Chemie
Inhoudsopgave
Bouw en eigenschappen van moleculen.................................................................................................................1
Atoombouw en chemische binding.....................................................................................................................1
Orbitalen..............................................................................................................................................................2
orbitalen en de covalente binding, hybridisatie..................................................................................................2
Hybridisatie in een dubbel gebonden koolstof – de pi binding...........................................................................3
Hybridisatie in een drievoudig gebonden koolstof..............................................................................................3
Hybridisatie in stikstof en zuurstof......................................................................................................................3
Eigenschappen van een covalente binding..........................................................................................................4
Bindingslengte en bindingssterkte..................................................................................................................4
Bindingshoeken...............................................................................................................................................4
Polariteit van en covalente binding.................................................................................................................4
Intermoleculaire krachten...................................................................................................................................4
Vanderwaals-krachten.....................................................................................................................................5
Dipoolinteracties.............................................................................................................................................5
Waterstofbruggen...........................................................................................................................................5
Oplosbaarheid van verbindingen....................................................................................................................5
Chemische reactiviteit en stabiliteit........................................................................................................................6
Zuren en basen....................................................................................................................................................6
Evenwicht en reactiesnelheid..............................................................................................................................7
Het energiediagram.............................................................................................................................................7
Reactieve koolstofintermediaren.........................................................................................................................7
Mesomerie...........................................................................................................................................................8
Kenmerken van mesomere structuren................................................................................................................8
Alkanen.....................................................................................................................................................................9
Nomenclatuur......................................................................................................................................................9
Bouw van alkanen...............................................................................................................................................9
Conformaties van alkanen.................................................................................................................................10
Fysische eigenschappen van alkanen................................................................................................................10
Reacties van alkanen.....................................................................................................................................10
Halogenering van alkanen.................................................................................................................................11
Chlorering van methaan................................................................................................................................11
Chlorering van hogere alkanen.....................................................................................................................11
Oxidatie van alkanen.........................................................................................................................................12
Biologische eigenschappen van alkanen...........................................................................................................12
Petroleum, kolen en biomassa..........................................................................................................................12
, lOMoARcPSD|11911780
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Cycloalkanen...........................................................................................................................................................13
1. Inleiding....................................................................................................................................................13
Geometrische isomerie in cycloalkanen............................................................................................................13
Vorm en eigenschappen van cyclopropaan, cyclobutaan en cyclopentaan......................................................13
Cyclopropaan.................................................................................................................................................13
Cyclobutaan...................................................................................................................................................13
Cyclopentaan.................................................................................................................................................13
Cyclohexaan.......................................................................................................................................................14
Polycyclische ringsystemen................................................................................................................................14
Alkenen en alkynen................................................................................................................................................14
Bouw van alkenen..............................................................................................................................................14
De chemie van het zien......................................................................................................................................15
Stabiliteit van alkenen.......................................................................................................................................15
Reacties van alkenen.....................................................................................................................................15
Additie van waterstof, hydrogenering van alkenen......................................................................................15
Additie van zuren aan alkenen......................................................................................................................16
Dimerisatie van alkenen....................................................................................................................................16
Omleggingsreactie van carbokationen..............................................................................................................16
Additie van halogenen aan alkenen..................................................................................................................16
Oxidatie van alkenen.........................................................................................................................................16
Syn en anti additie van alkenen.........................................................................................................................17
Reacties aan het koolstofatoom naast de dubbele binding..............................................................................17
Alkynen..............................................................................................................................................................17
Dienen en polymeren.............................................................................................................................................17
Dienen................................................................................................................................................................17
Additiereacties aan 1,3-butadieeen..................................................................................................................18
Cycloadditie en de diels alder reactie................................................................................................................18
Organochloor insecticiden.................................................................................................................................18
Polymeren..........................................................................................................................................................18
Terpenen en steroiden...........................................................................................................................................19
Terpenen............................................................................................................................................................19
Steroiden............................................................................................................................................................19
Stereochemie..........................................................................................................................................................19
Stereo-isomerie..................................................................................................................................................19
Symmetrie en enantiomeren.............................................................................................................................20
Optische activiteit en interactie met chirale verbindingen................................................................................20
Hoe kunnen we beeld en spiegelbeeld een naam geven...................................................................................21
Diastereomeren en mesoverbindingen..............................................................................................................21
D,L nomenclatuur..............................................................................................................................................21
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, lOMoARcPSD|11911780
Halogeenalkanen....................................................................................................................................................22
Nomenclatuur....................................................................................................................................................22
Fysische eigenschappen van halogeenalkanen.................................................................................................22
Nucleofiele substitutie........................................................................................................................................22
Stereochemie van de nucleofiele substantie......................................................................................................23
Factoren die het reactiemechanisme van een sucleofiele substitutie bepalen..................................................23
Nucleofielsterkte en basestrekte........................................................................................................................23
Nucleofiele substitutiein biologische systemen..................................................................................................24
Eliminatiereactie................................................................................................................................................24
PFAS = Per- and Poly-fluoroalkyl substances......................................................................................................24
Alcoholen en thiolen..............................................................................................................................................24
Nomenclatuur of naamgeving...........................................................................................................................24
Fysische eigenschappen van alcoholen.............................................................................................................24
Methanol en ethanol.........................................................................................................................................24
Zure en basische iegenschappen van alcoholen en thiolen...............................................................................24
Reacties met halogeenalkanen.........................................................................................................................24
Vorming van anorganische esters.....................................................................................................................24
Substitutiereacties in alcoholen – omzetten van OH in een betere vertrekkende groep..................................24
Eliminatie van water uit alcoholen....................................................................................................................24
Oxidatie van alcoholen......................................................................................................................................24
Oxidatie van thiolen...........................................................................................................................................24
Ethers, epoxiden en sulfiden..................................................................................................................................24
Nomenclatuur....................................................................................................................................................24
Fysische eigenschappen.....................................................................................................................................24
Amines....................................................................................................................................................................24
Nomenclatuur....................................................................................................................................................24
Voorkomen........................................................................................................................................................24
Fysische eigenschappen van amines.................................................................................................................24
Basische eigenschappen van amines.................................................................................................................24
Nucleofiele eigenschappen van amines.............................................................................................................24
Nitrosering van amines......................................................................................................................................24
Aldehyden en ketonen...........................................................................................................................................24
Fysische eigenschapen van aldehyden en ketonen...........................................................................................24
Nucleofiele additie aan de carbonylgroep.........................................................................................................24
Additie van water..............................................................................................................................................24
Additie van organometaalverbindingen............................................................................................................24
Reductie van de carbonylgroep.........................................................................................................................24
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, lOMoARcPSD|11911780
Vorming van acetalen........................................................................................................................................24
Additie van ammoniak en amines aan de carbonylgroep.................................................................................24
Nucleofiele addities aan aldehyden en ketonen................................................................................................24
Enolisatie van aldehyden en ketonen................................................................................................................24
Aldolreactie van aldehyden en ketonen............................................................................................................24
Reacties van alpha, beta- onverzadigde carbonylverbindingen........................................................................24
Carbonzuren...........................................................................................................................................................24
Nomenclatuur....................................................................................................................................................24
Voorkomen en fysische eigenschappen van carbonzuren.................................................................................24
Zuurtegraad van carbonzuren;..........................................................................................................................24
Vorming van carbonzuurderivaten....................................................................................................................24
Derivaten van carbonzuren....................................................................................................................................24
Nomenclatuur....................................................................................................................................................24
Nuceleofiele acylsubstitutie................................................................................................................................24
Zuurhalogeniden................................................................................................................................................24
Anhydriden.........................................................................................................................................................24
Esters.................................................................................................................................................................24
Amiden...............................................................................................................................................................24
Derivaten van koolzuur......................................................................................................................................24
Nucleofiele acylsubstitutie.................................................................................................................................24
Aromaten................................................................................................................................................................24
Benzeen en aromaticiteit...................................................................................................................................24
Nomenclatuur....................................................................................................................................................24
Elektrofiele aromatische substitutie...................................................................................................................24
Effect van substituenten aan benzeenring op elektrofiele aromatische substitutie...........................................24
Effect van substituenten aan benzeenring op elektrofiele aromatische substitutie...........................................24
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