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samenvatting midterm MNSNA 2022
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alle midterm stof voor 2022, beknopt samengevat, alle hoofdzaken erin
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All lectures for Medical Neuroscience & Neuroanatomy (2022/2023)
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SubCortical Nuclei of the Brain
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Complete summary for the ENDTERM of Medical Neuroscience & Neuro anatomy
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Synaptic transmissionMyeline vormende cellen
CNS = Oligodendrocytes
PNS = Schwann cells
Neurotransmitter: werkt lokaal = peptide = ketting van aminozuren
Hormoon: transferred through bloodstream van ene op andere cel
soms tegelijk: Dopamine = hormoon en neurotransmitter
main Neurotransmitters
1. Acetylcholine: AcCoA + Choline
via transporter (vesicle) in synaptic cleft
→ afgebroken door enzymen in choline
→ choline + acetate
→ heropgenomen
source: PPTN en Basal forebrain
2. Norepinephrine: L-Dopa → Dopamine
→ in vesicle omgezet tot NE
→ transport naar buiten
→ heropgenomen
source: pons en medulla
3. GABA: percurson glutamine → glutamaat → GABA
→ naar synaptic cleft
→ deel transferred/deel heropgenomen
source:
4. Peptide: formed/synthesized in cell body (mRNA)
→ in presynaptic cell
→ niet heropgenomen (gaat verloren) (kost veel tijd)
ARAS systeem: Ascending reticular Activating System
→ witte en grijze stof
Locus coeruleus: Noradrenaline
DRN: serotonine
Substantia Nigra: Dopamine
PPTN: Acetylcholine
vanuit bron → thalamus en basal forebrain (Septum) → acetylcholine naar cortex → arousal
Type neurotransmitters:
- slow regulatory signaling: neuropeptides en monoamines: main neurotransmitters
and acetylcholine-muscarinic effects
- fast point to point signaling: amino acids en acetylcholine nicotinic effects
→ glutamate?
beide groepen: kunnen snel en traag zijn (bijv. acetylcholine door verschillende receptoren
functie: zichtbaar in receptor
,Type receptoren:
1. Ligand-gated ion channels: fast point-to-point
→ acetylcholine-nicotine
2. G-protein-coupled receptor: slow
→ acetylcholine muscarinic
3. Kinase-linked receptors: very slow
→ cytokine
4. Nuclear receptors: very slow
→ Estrogen
Tentorial herniation (hernia Uncus)
subdurale bloeding → grote druk → tissue (uncus) over edge (into tentorial notch)
Uncus duwt tegen oculomotor 3
- herniation van parahippocampal gyrus en uncus (vd temporal lobe)
- uncus/temporal lobe duwt tegen brainstem en CN 3
- hoofdpijn, verminderde mentale staat, vergrote pupil, decerebrate posturing
→ oog naar beneden en naar buiten, blown pupil en ptosis
- kan uiteindelijk zorgen voor druk tegen cushing’s triade/hersenstam: dodelijke
gevolgen
, Handen/Spasmen
Brachial Plexus = handen
nerve branches Brachial Plexus:
- Ulnar (rood)
- Median (geel)
- Radial (blauw)
A. Dropping hand (Radial)
B. Claw hand (Ulnar)
C. Poke’s blessing (medial)
D. Monkey Claw (Medial en Ulnar)
perifere lesion = LmN
verschillende disfuncties: meer atrophie
→ flaccid, slap, minder reflexen en tone
cortical lesion: desinhibite: hypertension en minder
atrophie
→spastic, meer reflexen, meer tone
Decorticate: cortex schade = geen contact subcorticale
→ armen spastisch omhoog getrokken = flexion spasm
→ korticate (kort)
Decerebrate: geen contact meer met alles buiten brein
→armen stijf langs lichaam = extension spasm
→ cerebreed (breed/lang)
→ coma waarschijnlijk bij beide
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