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NR 222 Exam 3 Study Guide, NR 222 Health and Wellness: Chamberlain University
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NR222 Health and Wellness Exam 3 Study Guide Ethical Principles:
Autonomy- freedom from external control. Respect for patient autonomy
refers to the commitment to include patients in decisions about all aspects of
care. Involving patients in decisions about their care is now standard practice.
Veracity- devotion to the truth; in giving people information about their health
care needs facilitates autonomous choice and enhances personal decision-
making. Health care professionals may be tempted to withhold certain details
when this is seen as serving the person’s best interests or when family members
demand it. It is sometimes difficult to determine how much and what types of
information will best serve a person’s needs.
Fidelity - the agreement to keep promises
Nonmaleficence- the avoidance of harm or hurt; not only the will to do good
but the equal commitment to do no harm.
Beneficence- taking positive actions to help others; implies that the best
interests of the patient remain more important than self-interest. It implies that
nurses practice primarily as a service to others, even in the details of daily work.
Justice- refers to fairness
Confidentiality- Act of keeping information private or secret; in health care
the nurse only shares information about a patient with other nurses or health care
providers who need to know private information about a patient to provide care
for him or her; information can only be shared with the patient's consent.
Levels of Health Prevention/Promotion- Preventive measures can be
applied at any stage along the natural history of a disease, with the goal of
preventing further progression of the condition.
Primary – BEFORE the condition occurs. Purpose to decrease the
vulnerability of the pt to disease or dysfunction. True prevention (examples:
Health education, immunization, nutritional programs, and physical fitness
activities).
Secondary- EARLY DIAGNOSIS and prompt treatment. Pt with health
problems and risk for developing complications or worsening conditions.
(Screening techniques treating early stages of disease to limit disability and
averting or delaying the consequences of advanced disease).
Tertiary- RESTORATIN AND REHABILITATION. Restoring health or
rehabbing to the maximum level of functioning.
Nursing Process: ADPIE: The nursing process is a series of organized steps
designed for nurses to provide excellent care. A legal document to ensure it is
written correctly
, Assessment: nurse collects comprehensive data pertinent to the pt's health
and/or situation (subjective and objective). A physical examination of the
patient.
Diagnosis: Apply clinical judgment to the client's human response to actual
or potential health problems based on the assessment. nurse analyzes the
assessment data to determine the diagnosis or issue.
Planning: Plan the steps to reach that goal. Nurse develops a plan that
prescribes strategies and alternative to attain expected outcomes. Nurse
identifies expected outcomes for a plan individualized to the pt or situation
(what do I want to happen to my pt when I act on interventions based on
diagnosis).
Implementation: Nurse implements the identified plan.
Evaluation: nurse evaluates progress toward attainment of outcomes. Going
back to outcomes and plan... have I achieved the outcome for the pt? If you
have not met go back to assessment.
Nursing Theories:
Orem’s Self-Care Theory - Dorothy Orem's Self Care Theory- Self-care
deficit theory- Nursing becomes necessary when client is unable to fulfill
biological, psychological, developmental, or social needs
Watson’s Human Caring Theory Nursing Theories - Jean Watson's
Human Caring (science) Theory- Relationship between pt and nurse. Role of
the nurse is defining the pt as a unique human being to be valued,
respected, nurtured, understood and assisted. Important connections
between the nurse and pt.
Transcultural Theory - Madeleine M. Leininger's Trans-cultural Nursing
and Human Care Theory- Major area in nursing focused on the comparative
study and analysis of diverse cultures and subcultures in the world with
respect to their caring values, expressions, health-illness benefits and
patterns of behavior.
Models of healthcare:
, Health Promotion (Pender's)- The model focuses on the following three
areas:
(1) individual characteristics and experiences;
(2) behavior-specific knowledge and affect; and
(3) behavioral outcomes, in which the patient commits to or changes a
behavior
The HPM notes that each person has unique personal characteristics and
experiences that affect subsequent actions. The set of variables for
behavioral-specific knowledge and affect have important motivational
significance.
Active Health Promotion- Individual becomes involved (ie: lifestyle
changes - eating, physical activity, etc)
Passive Health Promotion- promote public health with low participation
from individual, with greatest effect to society. Examples: government
regulation (FDA, air cleanliness, sanitation)
Transtheoretical- individual feels confident that there are no risks for
relaps
Pre-contemplative- Not considering change
Contemplative- Aware of but not considering change soon
Preparation - Planning to act soon
Action- Has begun to make behavioral change (recent)
Maintenance- Continued commitment to behavior (long-term)
Relapse- Reverted to old behavior
Health Belief- relationship between a person's beliefs and behaviors &
factors influencing patients' perceptions, beliefs, and behavior to plan
care that will most effectively assist patients in maintaining or restoring
health and preventing illness
Basic Human Needs Model- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs/Basic Human
Needs Model- Basic human needs are elements that are necessary for
human survival and health (e.g., food, water, safety, and love). Although
each person has unique needs, all people share the basic human needs, and
the extent to which people meet their basic needs is a major factor in
determining their level of health.
(level 1) Physiological Needs
(level 2) Safety and Security
(level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection
(level 4) Self Esteem
(level 5) Self Actualization
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