This document involves all the key concepts that are outlined by the lecturer to be crucial to pass the exam. The info for the key concept is taken from the readings, the lectures and the lecturer. This should provide you with a good overview over the concepts. Really hope it helps and good luck on...
Communicating Across Cultures - Key Concepts
Table of Contents
Table of Contents 1
Lecture 1: Why and How do we communicate? 4
Code-in-context 4
Individualized society 4
Relationship-
grounded society 4
Speech community 5
Community of Practice 5
Lecture 2: Communication - A joint Effort 5
Common ground 5
Joint activity - joint action 6
Addressee - overhearer - eavesdropper - bystander 6
Principal - author - animator 6
Participation framework 7
Footing (Goffman) 7
Lecture 3: Non-Verbal Behaviors in Interaction 7
Paralanguage 7
Gestures 7
Proxemics 8
Cultural 8
Ethnography 8
Cursing 10
Positive and negative face (review) 11
Face work (review) 11
Lecture 7: How universal are these concepts? - Critiques of the Classics 11
Honorifics 11
High Context Culture (Hall) 11
Low Context Culture (Hall) 12
Ethnography of Communication (Hymes) 12
Lecture 9: Everyday Negotiations 13
Negotiation 13
Type-Token Problem 13
Speech Accommodation 14
Small Talk 14
Phatic Communion 14
Lecture 10: Professional (Mis)Communication 14
Service Transactions 14
Ordinary Talk 14
Rant 15
Lecture 11: Learning to Communicate 15
Metapragmatics 15
Role- and Place-Appropriate Language Use 15
Language Ideologies 16
Language Socialization 16
Indexicality 16
Code-Switching 17
Code-in- Code: “refers to any system of symbolic units that is conventionalized in a
context historical community and learned by children, through which
form-meaning maps are built are identical in language acquisition, e.g.
words, grammar rules, hand gestures and other bodily movements.”
→ must be considered in its context
Individualized “individualized, longitudinal type of society”
society → refers to the biological fact that in all cultures, society is made up of
(de Waal, bodily distinct, physically mobile, individual mortals who are not telepathic
Tyack) and whose interactions must thereby be managed by semiotic means.
Dyadic relationships: means can be used for predicted outcome
Longitudinal societies: long term and/or multi-generational relationships
Relationship- Every member presents common set of problems of social life
grounded language → maintenance of social relations
society
(Enfield) Locus: communicative interactions
Relationship: set of rights and duties applying to interaction between
→ altering of members of a dyad.
individualized Rights: “If it is your right to do something, then you will not be held
society. accountable for doing it; people will not be justifiably surprised when you
do it.”
Duty: “One will be held accountable for not doing something, people will be
justifiably surprised or disposed to sanction if you do not do it.”
Changes of status: in small (e.g. conversation) and big time spans (e.g.
lifetime)
Interplay: cooperation (e.g. trust, compassion, common identity) vs
competition (e.g. social distinction, deception)
Externally grounded RS Reciprocally grounded RS
Relationship between A and B, Status of A is defined through B and
defined through the relation vice versa; through common entity
between how they stand with
respect to some 3rd entity kin relations (father-son;
husband-wife), service relations
ritually defined group (members of (waiter-diner) institutional
same age set), urban tribes (punk, relations (teacher-pupil)
rock), supporters for same cause
(football)
3
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