Summary History: Who was to blame for the Cold War?
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Cambridge IGCSE® and O Level History Option B: The 20th Century Coursebook
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Who was to blame for the Cold War?
4.1 Why did the USA and USSR alliance begin to break down in 1945?
• The Cold War was a military standoff between the USSR and its allies, the
US, and its allies.
• Beginning in the mid 1940s, it ran until the beginning of the 1990s.
• The reason it is called cold is because it was not directly fought
• It divided most of Europe into two hostile political and military alliances.
NATO in Western Europe from 1949 and the Warsaw Pact in Eastern
Europe from 1955.
What was the Grand Alliance and why did it begin to break down in 1945?
• In 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union.
• Gave the USSR in Britain a common enemy.
• When Japan bombed the base of Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the
USA entered the war.
• The Grand Alliance is objective was to defeat the Axis allies
Ideological differences.
• The USA and the USSR were governed differently:
1. The USA was a capitalist democracy with voting rights and multiparty
elections.
2. The USSR was a communist one state party with no opposition.
• Leaders in the USA and Britain believed that the USSR wanted to spread
communism across Europe.
• Stalin suspected the West of wanting Hitler's army to weaken the Soviet
Union.
Wartime disagreements.
• Running the war against Hitler meant working together in a partnership.
There was a lot of strain in this partnership.
Lend-Lease.
• To help the Soviet Union, the USA began sending its suppliers.
• Under a system called Lend Lease, the USA loaned military equipment for
the duration of the war at no charge.
• By 1945, the USA had sent the Soviet Union supplies valued at nearly $11
billion.
, Tensions in the Grand Alliance, USA, USSR and Britain.
• As early as 1942, Stalin once hit the USA and Britain to invade Western
Europe to relieve pressure on the Red Army in the east.
• It didn't happen immediately. US president, Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Promised a second front, but it was repeatedly postponed instead of an.
Anglo American invasion of German occupied France, Britain and the USA
sent troops to North Africa and Italy, delaying the invasion of Europe
itself until the 6th of June 1944.
Wartime and post war conferences.
The Tehran Conference, 1943.
• The Big Three met in November 1943.
• Stalin got what he wanted a date June 1944 for the Anglo-American
invasion of Germany.
• There was also an agreement that at the end of the war, the USSR could
restore its 1918 border with Poland.
• Poland would be compensated by its western border moving into
Germany
The Yalta Conference, February 1945.
• The war in Europe was in its final stages when Roosevelt, Stalin, and
Churchill met at Yalta.
• The Red Army had occupied nearly all Central and Eastern Europe.
• The issues that had emerged at Tehran, especially those regarding Poland
needed solutions.
The five steps at the Grand Airlines agreed should happen in Germany.
1. Demilitarization.
2. De-Nazification.
3. Democratization.
4. Deindustrialization.
5. Decentralization.
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