These are the notes I made through my IGCSEs. They are clear and have many annotated diagrams. Some of the colours may have been skewered during the conversions of files
, ñNature&Var
_
Of
living Organisms
M -
movement :
self powered
-
movement
R -
Respiration :(conversion of carbohydrates & fats into
energy to be used by cells
5- sensitivity : How
organisms respond to its environment
( -
control :
maintaining internal conditions
G- Grow :
irreversible
change in mass
R -
Reproduce :
creating more
living things from
existing organisms
E- Excrete :
removal of waste
N -
Nutrition :
Taking in nutrients / Food
, Eukaryotes all contain a nucleus
A nucleus is a dense part of the cell ,
typically a
single rounded structure bounded by
double and
membrane contains
genetic material
YANlMA Nucleus
cell Membrane
Animal cells are multicellular mitochondria
" "" "
Have and
no chloroplasts , therefore can't
photosynthesise 0 8
.
⑤ Ribosomes
have to
find food elsewhere
.
.
.
Now, way ,
the www.eqyneaui.rana.d.no , µ, '
'
Animals
'
have
.
no nervous co-ordination
g
/
They store carbohydrates as
glycogen
.
.
)#AT ◦ .
vacuole
Multicellular
organisms ① chloroplasts
Contains chloroplasts ,
which allow them to photosythesi.se .
cytoplasm
# cell wall
cell wall made cellulose j
of
"" "" """ " "
" " ""
FÉ
Some are multicellular Mushrooms toadstools and Moulds and some
eg
.
, "
are unicellular Yeast
eg
.
←Mitochondria
fungal
.
.
cells have a cell wall made of chitin
Some
pathogens eg athletes - cell membrane
are
foot
g.
.
µ,
g.
Multicellular Mucor into
fungi such as are
organised .
.
which thread
Mycelium is made
from like structure called
Hyphae
-
The
hypae Contain
many nuclei
store carbohydrates as
glycogen
Saprotrophic Nutrition -
secrete
digestive enzymes onto their
food
so that
digestion happens outside the cell .
They then absorb the
digested organic products
, Microscopic
They
Some
they
have
are
can
Uni cellular
both
-
pathogens
be
animal cell
found
eg
.
organisms
plasmodium
in
and
pond
,
plant
causes
water
cell
malaria
features
GYQ-aoavac.ae ÷ ①- nucleus
.
yotigihg
Prokaryotic refers
to the cell
lacking a true nucleus . A nucleus contains
genetic
DNA which the cells
including
Material ,
controls activities
don't DNA molecule
They have a nucleus ,
instead
they have a
circular chromosome
② cell membrane
DNA
of capsule
They may
of DNA
also
called
have
plasmids
small extra circles
\- flagellum
/
""" """
" °"" "" " " " " " "" " "
nucleus nucleus and not bound in
Cell features (
organelles) are membrane )
a
membrane bound NO ( only
organelles ribosomes )
t6E
Pathogen is defined as bacterium ,
virus or other
migro organism
-
that can cause
a disease which includes and protoctists
,
fungi
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