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Samenvatting Internationaal recht I
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Internationaal recht I,Inhoud
INLEIDING ................................................................................................................................................ 8
Ontstaan en evolutie .......................................................................................................................... 9
1. KENMERKEN VAN HET INTERNATIONAAL RECHT ........................................................................ 12
1.1. Geen centrale wetgever en consensueel – consensualisme ............................................... 12
1.2. Afwezigheid van een centrale rechter ................................................................................. 14
1.3. Afwezigheid van centrale instantie voor rechtshandhaving ............................................... 15
1.3.1. Eigenrichting (self-help) – door staten zelf .................................................................... 16
1.3.2. Retorsie .......................................................................................................................... 16
1.3.3. Represaille ..................................................................................................................... 16
1.4. Wisselwerking nationaal en internationaal recht ............................................................... 16
2. SUBJECTEN VAN HET INTERNATIONAAL RECHT .......................................................................... 17
2.1. Subjecten............................................................................................................................... 17
2.2. Belang van rechtspersoonlijkheid ........................................................................................ 18
2.2.1. Algemeen ....................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.2. Wat is het belang van rechtspersoonlijkheid? ............................................................... 19
2.3. Waarom is het belangrijk om te spreken van subjecten van internationaal recht? .......... 20
3. STATEN .......................................................................................................................................... 21
3.1. Wat is een staat? .................................................................................................................. 22
3.2. Kenmerken van een ‘Staat’ .................................................................................................. 24
3.2.1. Territorium (grondgebied) ............................................................................................. 24
3.2.2. Luchtruim ....................................................................................................................... 43
3.2.3. Bevolking ....................................................................................................................... 43
3.2.4. Gezag ............................................................................................................................. 45
3.2.5. Betrekkingen met andere staten aangaan .................................................................... 47
3.2.6. Soevereiniteit ................................................................................................................. 47
3.3. Statengemeenschap is dynamisch ....................................................................................... 50
3.3.1. WOI ................................................................................................................................ 50
3.3.2. Dekolonisering ............................................................................................................... 50
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, 3.3.3. Einde Koude Oorlog ....................................................................................................... 51
3.4. Hoe ontstaan staten? ........................................................................................................... 51
3.4.1. Afscheiding of cessie ...................................................................................................... 52
3.4.2. Ontbinding of dissolution through desmenberment ..................................................... 53
3.4.3. Fusie ............................................................................................................................... 54
3.4.4. Absorptie ....................................................................................................................... 54
3.5. Wanneer is een entiteit effectief een (nieuwe) staat?........................................................ 54
3.5.1. Effectiviteit..................................................................................................................... 55
3.5.2. Legaliteit ........................................................................................................................ 56
3.5.3. Erkenning ....................................................................................................................... 57
3.5.4. Zelfbeschikkingsrecht (hoe worden staten gecreëerd?) ................................................ 58
4. STATENOPVOLGING ...................................................................................................................... 66
4.1. Inleiding................................................................................................................................. 66
4.2. Grenzen (interne grenzen).................................................................................................... 68
4.2.1. Grensverdragen (externe grenzen?) .............................................................................. 69
4.2.2. Mensenrechtenverdragen ............................................................................................. 70
4.2.3. Intuiti personae – verdragen ......................................................................................... 71
4.2.4. Niet-controversiële en controversiële verdragen .......................................................... 71
4.3. Nationaliteit .......................................................................................................................... 72
4.4. Bezittingen ............................................................................................................................ 73
4.4.1. Goederen en eigendommen .......................................................................................... 74
4.4.2. Schulden ........................................................................................................................ 74
4.5. Lidmaatschap van internationale organisaties (EU, ..) ........................................................ 75
4.6. Aansprakelijkheid ................................................................................................................. 76
5. AFBAKENING VAN STAATSGEZAG ................................................................................................ 77
5.1. Inleiding................................................................................................................................. 77
5.2. Algemene beginselen ........................................................................................................... 77
5.2.1. Verbod op gebruik van geweld ...................................................................................... 77
5.2.2. Beginsel van non-interventie van de interne aangelegenheden ................................... 77
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, 5.2.3. Verbod schade toe te brengen aan het grondgebied/bevolking van een andere staat 80
5.3. Rechtsmacht ......................................................................................................................... 81
5.3.1. Omschrijving .................................................................................................................. 81
5.3.2. Grondslagen .................................................................................................................. 82
5.3.3. Conflicterende rechtsmachtenclaims ............................................................................ 87
5.4. Immuniteit ............................................................................................................................ 87
5.4.1. Staatsimmuniteit ........................................................................................................... 88
5.4.2. Immuniteit van de individuele gezagsdragers ............................................................... 89
5.4.3. Privileges en immuniteiten van internationale organisaties ......................................... 93
5.5. Diplomatieke en consulaire betrekkingen ........................................................................... 94
5.5.1. Immuniteit van diplomaten ........................................................................................... 94
5.5.2. Immuniteit consulaire betrekkingen .............................................................................. 96
6. BRONNEN VAN HET INTERNATIONAAL RECHT ............................................................................ 97
6.1. Artikel 38 Statuur van het Internationaal Gerechtshof....................................................... 97
6.2. Internationaal gewoonterecht ............................................................................................. 98
6.2.1. Elementen van het internationaal gewoonterecht ....................................................... 98
6.2.2. Extensive and uniform ................................................................................................... 99
6.2.3. Is het een regel van het gewoonterecht of niet? ......................................................... 101
6.2.4. Niet gebonden aan regels van het internationaal gewoonterecht? ........................... 102
6.3. Internationale verdragen ................................................................................................... 103
6.3.1. Wat zijn internationale verdragen?............................................................................. 103
6.3.2. Vorm van een verdrag ................................................................................................. 104
6.3.3. Voordelen verdragen versus gewoonterecht .............................................................. 104
6.3.4. Collecties en verdragen ............................................................................................... 104
6.3.5. Verdragenverdrag (verdragenrecht) -> herhaling hierboven ...................................... 104
6.3.6. Structuur ...................................................................................................................... 105
6.3.7. Totstandkoming van een verdrag................................................................................ 106
6.3.8. Reserve of voorbehoud ................................................................................................ 110
6.3.9. Interpretatie ................................................................................................................ 111
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