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samenvatting sociologische stromingen
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samenvatting sociologische stromingen
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1SOCIOLOGISCHE STROMINGEN
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Inhoudsopgave
1 PARADIGMATISCH PLURALISME.............................................................................................................................4
1.1 EEN VEELHEID AAN PARADIGMA’S..............................................................................................................................4
1.1.1 BASIS SOCIOLOGISCHE PARADIGMA’S -> 3 NIET TE BEWIJZEN FILOSOFISCHE VRAGEN .................................................................4
1.1.2 SOCIOLOGIE: WETENSCHAP OF IDEOLOGIE?.......................................................................................................................5
1.2 ORIËNTATIEMODEL.................................................................................................................................................6
1.2.1 DE 4 PARADIGMA’S.....................................................................................................................................................6
2 DE CONFLICTSOCIOLOGIE.......................................................................................................................................9
2.1 KAPITALISME.........................................................................................................................................................9
2.2 MARX (1818 – 1883)............................................................................................................................................9
2.2.1 ARBEID ALS SLEUTELBEGRIP............................................................................................................................................9
2.2.2 BOUWSTENEN VAN EEN MAATSCHAPPIJ-ANALYSE...............................................................................................................9
2.2.3 BOUWSTENEN VOOR EEN MAATSCHAPPIJ-ANALYSE...........................................................................................................10
2.2.4 STRUCTUREEL CONFLICT..............................................................................................................................................10
2.2.5 MENSELIJKE PRIJS.......................................................................................................................................................11
2.2.6 KRITISCH BESLUIT.......................................................................................................................................................11
2.3 WEBER IN DEBAT MET MARX...................................................................................................................................12
2.3.1 BELANG VAN WEBER VOOR DE SOCIOLOGIE.....................................................................................................................12
2.3.2 DE PROTESTANSE ETHIEK EN DE GEEST VAN HET KAPITALISME.............................................................................................12
2.3.3 WEBER ALS INSPIRATIEBRON........................................................................................................................................14
2.4 CONFLICTSOCIOLOGIE NA MARX...............................................................................................................................15
2.4.1 DAHRENDORF (1929 – 2009).....................................................................................................................................15
2.4.2 CHARLES WRIGHT MILLS (1916 – 1962).......................................................................................................................15
2.5 KRITISCHE SOCIOLOGIE...........................................................................................................................................16
2.5.1 MARCUSE (1898 1979).............................................................................................................................................17
2.5.2 JÜRGEN HABERMAS (1929 - ).....................................................................................................................................17
2.6 BESLUIT.............................................................................................................................................................19
2.7 BELANGRIJKE VRAGEN.....................................................................................................................................19
3 FUNCTIONALISME.................................................................................................................................................20
3.1 OORSPRONG VAN HET FUNCTIONALISME........................................................................................................20
3.2 DURKHEIM..........................................................................................................................................................20
3.2.1 ARBEIDSDELING.........................................................................................................................................................20
3.2.2 ZELFDODING.............................................................................................................................................................21
3.2.2.1 sociale verklaringen voor zelfdoding.................................................................................................................21
3.2.3 ELEMENTAIRE VORMEN VAN RELIGIE.............................................................................................................................22
3.2.3.1 Durkheim...........................................................................................................................................................22
3.2.4 MAATSCHAPPELIJKE ROL VAN RELIGIE............................................................................................................................22
3.3 MERTON & PARSONS...........................................................................................................................................24
3.3.1 ROBERT K. MERTON.................................................................................................................................................24
3.3.1.1 Functies en disfuncties......................................................................................................................................24
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3.3.1.2 Manifeste en latent functies..............................................................................................................................24
3.3.1.3 Definities...........................................................................................................................................................24
3.3.2 TALCOTT PARSSONS...................................................................................................................................................25
3.3.2.1 AGIL-schema......................................................................................................................................................25
3.3.2.1.1 Toegepast op maatschappelijk niveau............................................................................................................25
3.3.2.1.2 AGIL-schema toegepast op een bedrijf...........................................................................................................26
3.3.2.2 Patroonvariabelen.............................................................................................................................................26
3.4 VERDIENSTEN & TEKORTKOMINGEN.........................................................................................................................27
3.5 BELANGRIJKE VRAGEN...........................................................................................................................................27
4 SYMBOLISCH INTERACTIONISME..........................................................................................................................27
4.1 UITGANGSPUNT...................................................................................................................................................27
4.2 3 BELANGRIJKE VOORLOPERS..................................................................................................................................27
4.3 GRONDLEGGER: GEORGE HERBERT MEAD.................................................................................................................28
4.4 HERBERT BLUMER (1900-1987)............................................................................................................................29
4.4.1 3 CENTRALE STELLINGEN VAN HET SYMBOLISCH INTERACTIONISME......................................................................................29
4.5 ERVING GOFFMAN (1922-1982)............................................................................................................................29
4.5.1 STIGMA................................................................................................................................................................... 30
4.5.1.1 4 manieren waarmee mensen omgaan met stigma..........................................................................................30
4.5.2 LABELINGSTHEORIE....................................................................................................................................................30
4.6 ALGEMENE APPRECIATIE........................................................................................................................................30
4.7 BELANGRIJKE VRAGEN...........................................................................................................................................31
5 RUILTHEORIEËN....................................................................................................................................................31
5.1 SOORTEN...........................................................................................................................................................31
5.1.1 SOCIALE RUILTHEORIE.................................................................................................................................................31
5.1.2 SOORTEN RUILTHEORIEËN...........................................................................................................................................31
5.2 INDIVIDUALISTISCHE RUILTHEORIE............................................................................................................................31
5.2.1 CONTACTHYPOTHESE VAN ALLPORT..............................................................................................................................32
5.3 STRUCTURALISTISCHE RUILTHEORIE...........................................................................................................................32
5.4 RATIONELE KEUZETHEORIE......................................................................................................................................33
5.4.1 UITGANGSPUNT........................................................................................................................................................33
5.4.2 BEPERKINGEN AAN RATIONALITEIT................................................................................................................................33
5.4.3 COLLECTIEVE ACTIE EN GOEDEREN.................................................................................................................................33
5.4.4 TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS.......................................................................................................................................34
5.4.5 TOEPASSING RATIONELE KEUZETHEORIE – NONE TAKE-UP..................................................................................................34
5.4.5.1 Oorzaken?.........................................................................................................................................................35
5.4.5.2 Verklaring?........................................................................................................................................................35
5.5 SPELTHEORIE.......................................................................................................................................................35
5.5.1 DILEMMA VAN DE GEVANGENEN (PRISONER’S DILEMMA)..................................................................................................35
5.6 BELANGRIJKE VRAGEN...........................................................................................................................................36
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1 PARADIGMATISCH PLURALISME
1.1 EEN VEELHEID AAN PARADIGMA’S
Paradigma = bepaalde manier om het sociale, de maatschappij te bestuderen
Maatschappij is complex dus verschillende paradigma’s
Paradigmatisch pluralisme sociologie = een wetenschap waar verschillende
theorieën of theoretische stromingen naast elkaar bestaan -> verschillende
paradigma’s naast elkaar
Paradigmastrijd = tijdelijke dominantie van 1 paradigma
à Binnen een periode van dominantie is er kennisopbouw
à Dominante paradigma’s worden uitgedaagd door andere
paradigma’s
à paradigmaverschuiving
à Ipv steeds vooruit gaan, is er een paradigmatische strijd: alle
paradigma’s staan in conflict met elkaar, er is eentje die uit kan
groeien tot een dominant paradigma
à dan is er enkel kennisopbouw in dat ene paradigma niet in de
andere
à als bepaalde visie dominant is, krijg je sneller geld van de overheid,
waardoor je sneller groeit
Té dominant -> maatschappelijke ideologie
Dominantie van bepaald paradigma doorbreken doordat andere para’s in
strijd gaan -> paradigmaverschuiving, wordt een cyclus
1.1.1 BASIS SOCIOLOGISCHE PARADIGMA’S -> 3 NIET TE BEWIJZEN FILOSOFISCHE VRAGEN
Mensbeeld Maatschappijbeeld Wetenschapsbeeld
- Waarom gaan mensen relaties met - In welke mate is individuele - Hoe kunnen we tot kennis
elkaar aan? vrijheid mogelijk? komen?
- Hoe verhouden mensen zich - Hoe verhouden mens en
onderling? maatschappij zich?
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