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Samenvatting criminologie
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CRIMINOLOGIE2020-2021
2020-2021
,Inhoud
1. Inleiding..............................................................................................................................................6
1.1 Criminologische wetenschappen..................................................................................................6
1.2 Intersectioneel denken.................................................................................................................6
1.2.1 De grondleggers.....................................................................................................................7
1.2.2 Uitgangspunten.....................................................................................................................7
1.2.3 Verschil diversiteitsdenken en kruispuntdenken...................................................................7
1.2.4 Link met criminologie............................................................................................................8
1.2.5 Link met intrafamiliaal geweld (IFG)......................................................................................8
2. Criminaliteit......................................................................................................................................11
2.1 Wat is criminalisering?................................................................................................................11
2.1.1 De vraag is: wie bepaalt de norm?.......................................................................................11
2.1.2 Is criminalisering normatief?...............................................................................................12
2.1.3 Verloopt criminaliseringsproces overal hetzelfde?..............................................................12
2.1.4 Welke principes hanteert de overheid in het criminaliseringsproces?................................13
2.1.5 Wat als je niet akkoord bent met de wetten?......................................................................13
2.1.6 Is er gedrag dat universeel verworpen wordt?....................................................................14
3. Criminaliteit in cijfers........................................................................................................................15
3.1 Criminalistiek..............................................................................................................................15
3.1.1 Hoe meten we criminaliteit?...............................................................................................15
3.1.2 Kanttekeningen bij de politionele statistiek.........................................................................15
3.1.3 Kanttekeningen bij de gerechtelijke statistieken.................................................................15
3.1.4 Kanttekeningen bij de zelfrapportagetechnieken................................................................16
3.2 Jeugddelinquentie: cijfers en trends...........................................................................................16
3.2.1 Cijfers Jeugdparketten.........................................................................................................17
3.2.2 Cijfers zelfrapportage...........................................................................................................17
3.3 Verklaringen voor de daling in criminaliteitscijfers.....................................................................18
3.3.1 Demografische evoluties......................................................................................................18
3.3.2 Sociaaleconomische trends.................................................................................................18
3.3.3 Gezondheid en welzijn.........................................................................................................18
3.3.4 Securisering.........................................................................................................................19
4. Oorzaken van crimineel gedrag........................................................................................................20
4.1 Klassiek etiologisch onderzoek...................................................................................................20
4.1.1 Historisch perspectief..........................................................................................................20
4.1.2 Psychologische benadering: de leerpsychologie..................................................................22
1
, 4.1.3 Psychologische benadering: de persoonlijkheidspsychologie..............................................23
4.1.4 Psychologische benadering: de ontwikkelingspsychologie..................................................25
4.1.5 Sociologische benadering: maatschappelijke achterstanden..............................................27
4.1.6 Hedendaagse etiologisch jeugdcriminologisch onderzoek..................................................30
4.1.7 Ontwikkeling- en levensloopcriminologie (OLC)..................................................................31
4.1.8 De invloed van leeftijdsgenoten..........................................................................................34
4.1.9 De bredere sociale context..................................................................................................35
4.2 Kritische criminologie.................................................................................................................36
4.2.1 Social labeling......................................................................................................................36
4.2.2 Reïntegrative shaming.........................................................................................................37
4.2.3 De sociale controle-theorie..................................................................................................37
4.2.4 Maatschappelijke kwetsbaarheid-theorie...........................................................................38
5. Victimologie......................................................................................................................................40
5.1 Wat is victimologie?....................................................................................................................40
5.2 Wat is een slachtoffer.................................................................................................................40
5.2.1 Slachtoffers..........................................................................................................................40
5.2.2 Een slachtofferervaring........................................................................................................41
5.2.3 De specifieke gevolgen op korte en lange termijn...............................................................41
5.2.4 Kritische benadering............................................................................................................42
5.3 Victimologie: een korte geschiedenis.........................................................................................42
5.3.1 Inleiding...............................................................................................................................42
5.3.2 Enkele pioniers in de victimologie.......................................................................................42
5.3.3 Het feminisme.....................................................................................................................43
5.3.4 Nog enkele data (niet te kennen)........................................................................................43
5.4 De invloed van Victimologie in België.........................................................................................43
5.5 Praktijk van victimologie in België..............................................................................................44
5.5.1 Slachtoffer-bejegening: politie.............................................................................................44
5.5.2 Slachtoffer-onthaal: justitie.................................................................................................44
5.5.3 Slachtoffer-therapie.............................................................................................................44
5.6 Slachtoffergerichte initiatieven...................................................................................................45
5.6.1 Binnen de strafrechtelijke context.......................................................................................45
5.6.2 Buiten de strafrechtelijke context: Dienst Slachtofferhulp..................................................45
6. Herstelrecht......................................................................................................................................46
6.1 Wat is herstelrecht?....................................................................................................................46
6.1.1 De eerste stroming: victimologisch motief..........................................................................47
6.1.2 De tweede stroming: abolitionistisch motief.......................................................................47
2
, 6.1.3 De derde stroming: preventiemotief...................................................................................47
6.2 Ubuntu, vergeving, herstel.........................................................................................................48
6.2.1 Homo loquens......................................................................................................................48
6.2.2 Ubuntu: een werkwoordelijk zelfstandig naamwoord.........................................................48
6.2.3 Dekolonisatie van vergeving................................................................................................49
6.2.4 Unconditional forgiveness...................................................................................................49
6.3 Herstelrecht en jeugddelinquentie in België...............................................................................50
6.3.1 Jeugddelinquentierecht België.............................................................................................51
6.3.2 Wat kan herstel zijn?...........................................................................................................51
6.3.3 De implementatie van herstelrecht voor jeugdige slachtoffers: Europa en België..............52
6.4 Herstelrechtige initiatieven in België..........................................................................................54
6.4.1 Slachtoffers – daderbemiddeling (meerderjarige daders)...................................................55
6.4.2 Schadebemiddeling op politieniveau: Leuven.....................................................................58
6.4.3 Bemiddeling in strafzaken....................................................................................................59
6.4.4 Slachtoffer-daderbemiddeling (minderjarige daders) en HERGO........................................60
6.5 Herstelgerichte initiatieven België..............................................................................................61
6.5.1 Herstelgericht werken in een gemeenschapsinstelling: GI De Kempen...............................61
6.5.2 Herstelgerichte detentie......................................................................................................61
7. Radicalisering....................................................................................................................................63
7.1 Wat is etnisch profileren?...........................................................................................................63
7.2 Onderzoek - van buikgevoel tot objectief bewijs........................................................................64
7.2.1 ‘Redelijke gronden’ voor een identiteitscontrole................................................................64
7.2.2 Brede interpretatie van discretionaire bevoegdheden........................................................64
7.2.3 Redenen voor een identiteitscontrole volgens korpsen......................................................64
7.3 Probleemstelling: gebrek aan regels en toezicht........................................................................65
7.4 Oplossingen................................................................................................................................65
7.5 Hoe neem ik dit mee als orthopedagogisch begeleider? (eigen invulling)..................................66
8. Ondermijnde criminaliteit................................................................................................................67
8.1 Definiëring..................................................................................................................................67
8.2 Ondermijnende criminaliteit vs. wijkaanpak (Rapport Universiteit Tilburg, 2014).....................67
8.2.1 Inzicht in problematiek........................................................................................................67
8.3 Hoe dubbelsporenbeleid voeren (handelingsstrategieën)?........................................................69
8.4 Door een bestuurlijke bril (gastcollege, toespitsing op Antwerpen)...........................................69
8.5 Hoe neem ik dit mee als orthopedagogisch begeleider?............................................................70
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