My full lecture notes for PSY1004 from 2020. The notes cover the following topics:
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
Foundations of Cognitive Psychology
Perception
Attention
Working Memory
Long Term Memory
Language
Emotion
Cognitive Psychology Mind and Brain, Smith - Exam Preparation Test Bank (Downloadable Doc)
TEST BANK FOR COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MIND BY BRAIN EDWARD E. SMITH STEPHEN M. KOSSLYN 1ST EDITION
TEST BANK FOR COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY MIND BY BRAIN EDWARD E. SMITH STEPHEN M. KOSSLYN 1ST EDITION
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PSY1004 - Cognitive Psychology (PSY1004)
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PSY1004 – Cognitive Psychology
Lecture 1 – Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
• What is the mind - break down mind into facility of thought
o Perception
o Attention
o Memory
o Language
o Emotions
o Decision making
o Problem solving
•
• History of cognitive psychology
o Philosophers and theories of mind
• Key questions
▪ What is the nature of 'knowledge'
▪ Are human characteristics innate or acquired?
• Approaches
▪ Rationalism (e.g. Plato and Descartes)
▪ Empiricism (e.g. Aristotle and Locke) - modern psychology follows same
approach
• Method
▪ Introspection (not Wundt's method, more armchair approach)
o After 1800s - Wilhelm Wundt
• Looked at the nature of consciousness
• Assessment of mental activities
• First psychological laboratory
• Created structuralism
▪ "Psychology is a science that investigates the nature of consciousness" -
must be dissected into elements (mental periodic table)
▪ To do this, studied sensory experience though recording response times
and introspection
• Established the first psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig - mostly made up
of physicists
• Also established the approach of psychophysics
o William James 1842 - 1910
• 1890 - "Principles of Psychology"
• Interested in how the mind functions
, • First functionalist
▪ Looked at processes of conscious activities
▪ Looked at mental operations over mental elements
o Behaviourism - a reaction against unobservable mental process, and against Wundt - LEC
NOTE - DON'T NEED TO LEARN IN DETAIL
• J Watson (1878 - 1958); Only study observable behaviour
• I Pavlov (1849 - 1936); Classical conditioning
• B.F. Skinner (1904-1990); Operant conditioning
•
o 1950ies - Cognitive Revolution - reaction against Skinner's extremist behaviourism
• Spurred on by creation of computer - first Binary Computer built in 1949
• Two paradigms were created by A. Newell (1927-1992) and H.A. Simon (1916-
2001):
▪ Mental activity can be seen as an info-processing problem
▪ Mental representations depend on internal computations
• First cognitive psychology textbook - Cognitive Psychology by Ulric Neisser in
1967
•
• Concepts in cognitive psychology - any mental activity is seen as an information processing
problem
o Mental representations
o Transformations of mental representations
, •
o How does the mind manipulate representations = mental operations.
• How can we measure mental operations?
o Issues with studying mental process:
• They cannot be measured directly
• There is always ambiguity about the source of the performance measures
• Methodology: two classic studies of mental process
o Both use experimental psychology approach - controlled lab studies
o Subtractive method (1868)
• Created by F. Donders (1818-1989)
• Looked at how we measure the speed of internal thought processes - mental
chronology
• His basic idea is that we could use behaviour to infer mental process
• Invented simple reaction time measurements (RT)
▪ Used stimulus (light) and ppt had to press a button when detected.
▪ Timed between stimulus turning on, and behavioural response being
detected
▪ Took ppt 250ms
• Then created choice reaction times (RT)
▪ Used two lights, one of which was brighter
▪ Ppt had to press a button depending on which was brighter
▪ Took ppt 350ms
• Because of this, he found that the first task took 250ms (detection), and the
second took 350ms. As 350-250 = 100, we can infer that the second process
(discrimination) took 100ms.
•
o Memory Search (1966)
• S. Sternberg
, • Research question - "are mental operations performed in a sequence (serial
processing) or simultaneously (parallel processing)?"
• He found the more items in a memory set, the longer the reaction time
• He inferred four mental operations
•
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