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Samenvatting Micro-economie

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Mijn samenvatting is de beste up to date versie van het Micro-economie vak dat in het tweede jaar wordt gegeven voor de gehele FBE studenten. Hier wordt alles in vermeld dat je moet kennen en kernachtig samengevat. De kern en de nodige grafieken staan er in. Als je dit leert, ken je de gehele theor...

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  • December 20, 2022
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Inhoudsopgave

Onze benaderingen .......................................................................................................................................... 5

1. Demand and supply analysis ........................................................................................................................ 5
A Quick overview .......................................................................................................................................... 5
Back-of-the-envelope calculations ................................................................................................................ 6
The identification problem ............................................................................................................................ 6
The effect of demand and supply shocks on market equilibrium: comparative statics .................................... 7
Multiple markets: general equilibrium .......................................................................................................... 7

The theory of consumer demand ..................................................................................................................... 7

3. Consumer preferences and the concept of utility ......................................................................................... 7
Preferences and utility: a quick review .......................................................................................................... 7
Quasi-linear utility ........................................................................................................................................ 8
Critique of the assumption of ‘selfish’ behavior: Other-regarding preferences ............................................... 8

4. Consumer choice .......................................................................................................................................... 8
Consumer choice: a quick review .................................................................................................................. 8
Simple applications of consumer choice ........................................................................................................ 9
Inkomens supplement vs. Voucher enkel vr goed x .................................................................................. 9
An application to intertemporal choice: borrowing and lending ..................................................................... 9
Uitbreiding ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Bounded rationality .................................................................................................................................... 11

5. The theory of demand ................................................................................................................................ 12
1. Individual demand functions: a quick review ........................................................................................... 12
2. Income and substitution effects .............................................................................................................. 13
3. Consumer surplus ................................................................................................................................... 13
4. Aggregate demand and network externalities ......................................................................................... 14
5. Consumer demand and labor supply ....................................................................................................... 14
6. The characteristics approach to consumer demand ................................................................................. 14

6. Inputs and production functions ................................................................................................................ 16
1. Production functions ............................................................................................................................... 16
2. Input substitution and isoquants ............................................................................................................. 16
3. Returns to scale (schaalvoordelen) .......................................................................................................... 17
4. Technological progress ........................................................................................................................... 18

7. Costs and cost minimization ....................................................................................................................... 18
1. Definition of costs and profit ................................................................................................................... 18

, 2. Cost minimization ................................................................................................................................... 19
3. Input demand functions .......................................................................................................................... 19
4. Short-run cost minimization .................................................................................................................... 20

8. Cost curves ................................................................................................................................................. 20
1. Cost functions ......................................................................................................................................... 20
2. Average and marginal cost curves........................................................................................................... 21
3. Economies of scale.................................................................................................................................. 22
4. Extensions .............................................................................................................................................. 23
5. Short-run cost functions .......................................................................................................................... 24
6. Relation between short-run and long-run cost functions.......................................................................... 24

9. Perfect competition.................................................................................................................................... 25
1. Profit maximization by competitive firms ................................................................................................ 25
2. Short-run equilibrium.............................................................................................................................. 25
3. Long-run equilibrium .............................................................................................................................. 26

10. Applications of government intervention ................................................................................................. 28
1. Indirect taxes and subsidies .................................................................................................................... 28
2. Price ceilings and floors .......................................................................................................................... 29
3. Quotas ................................................................................................................................................... 29

11. Monopoly and monopsony....................................................................................................................... 30
1. Toetredingsbelemmeringen .................................................................................................................... 30
2. Winstmaximalisatie ................................................................................................................................ 30
3. Inverse elasticiteit pricing rule (IEPR) ....................................................................................................... 31
4. Pricing in practice: Markup pricing .......................................................................................................... 32
5. Multi-plant monopoly ............................................................................................................................. 33
6. The welfare cost ..................................................................................................................................... 33
7. Monopsony ............................................................................................................................................ 34

12. Capturing surplus ..................................................................................................................................... 35
1. Prijsdiscriminatie .................................................................................................................................... 35
2. Koppelverkoop (Tying & Bundling) .......................................................................................................... 39
3. Advertising ............................................................................................................................................. 39

13. Market structure and competition ........................................................................................................... 39
1. Introduction: Market structures .............................................................................................................. 40
2. Oligopoly with homogeneous products ................................................................................................... 40
3. Dominante firma model .......................................................................................................................... 43
4. Oligopoly with horizontally differentiated products ............................................................................ 43
5. Monopolistische concurrentie ............................................................................................................ 43

,
, Micro-economie
Mixed economy = vrije markt (kapitalisme) + centraal geleide (socialisme)
 Problemen:
- Klimaat
- Extremere inkomensverdeling
- Armoede
p.10 graf: verticale as verdubbeling (nt evenredig)
 China india later: onder koloniaal bewind
 Plotse exp groei sinds 1700
 Kapitalistische revolutie: ondernemingen eigen controle + belangrijkste eenheid v/
productie
o Technologische revolutie
o Specialisatie werktaken  efficientie
p.11 graf: vb1 Zuid-Korea stijgend succes: investeren school & internationaal
vb2 Botswana (rijk i. diamanten) & Nigeria (rijk i. honing) ?verschil: kwaliteit
instellingen
vb3 Communisme: W dui (kap) doet beter
vb4 Sovjet&RUS:
Kapitalisme gevoelig: corruptie, marktfalingen, etc.

Klimaat




Zonder interventie in vrije markt
 Vb1 Global warming
P14 graf: Fosiele brandstoffen uitlaat rechts & concentratie CO2 links (stijgt)
 Vb2 Pandemie
P15 graf: piek lager en uitgesteld mits overheidsmaatregelen
 gevaar? Zwaargetroffen economie, zware gevolgen?
- Zelfstandigen (horeca, retail, amusement)
- Laaggeschoolden (bouw, vervoer, industrie)
Ongelijkheid
Thomas Piketty: % v/ 0,1% rijkste in bezit van alle inkomen
 Dalend
 Hooggeschoolden: voordeel in onze economie
 Meetbaarheid overheid
 Overheidsbeleid: onderwijs, minimuloon, soc zekerh
 oorzaak: vermogen (rente) + arbeid (hooggeschlaaggesch)

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