Dit samenvattend werk is gebaseerd op het vak sociologie gegeven aan de faculteit sociale wetenschappen in eerste bachelor. Heeft betrekking op het bijhorende boek van Walter Weyns, de PowerPoint en lesnotities.
Sociologie
Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Sociologische verbeelding ................................................................................................. 6
1.1. Het ‘sociologische bewustzijn’ is tamelijk recent ......................................................................... 6
1.2. De sociologische verbeelding ontstond in crisistijden ................................................................. 7
1.3. De twee ‘revoluties’ ..................................................................................................................... 8
Van landbouw naar industrie: de opkomst van de industriële maatschappij................................. 8
Franse revolutie: .............................................................................................................................. 9
Industriële revolutie (IR):................................................................................................................. 9
1.4. Intermezzo: beleefde verandering ............................................................................................. 11
1.5. Het sociaal probleem als bron van sociologische benadering ................................................... 11
Wat is een sociaal probleem? ....................................................................................................... 11
1.6. Wright Mills over sociologische verbeelding.............................................................................. 12
Persoonlijke klachten versus sociale problemen .......................................................................... 12
1.7. Twee voorbeelden van sociologische verbeelding: Comte en Spencer ..................................... 13
Auguste Comte (1798 – 1857) ....................................................................................................... 13
Sociologie als ‘wetenschap der mensheid’: .................................................................................. 13
Wet der drie stadia: ....................................................................................................................... 14
Sociale verandering als vooruitgang der rede ............................................................................... 14
Sociale orde als consensus: ........................................................................................................... 14
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)........................................................................................................ 15
Sociologie als wetenschap van de sociale evolutie: ...................................................................... 15
Sociale verandering als evolutie: ................................................................................................... 15
Vergelijking tussen Comte en Spencer (inzicht): ........................................................................... 16
Hoofdstuk 2: Cultuur ............................................................................................................................. 17
2.1. Het begrip cultuur ...................................................................................................................... 17
Cultuur ruimer dan ‘hogere cultuur’ ............................................................................................. 17
Cultuur en maatschappij ............................................................................................................... 17
2.2. De menselijke soort en co-evolutie ............................................................................................ 18
2.2.1. Evolutie .................................................................................................................................... 18
Mensen en apen ............................................................................................................................ 18
Sociobiologie ................................................................................................................................. 19
Kritiek op de sociobiologie ............................................................................................................ 19
2.2.2. Instincten ................................................................................................................................. 19
2.3. Sociale instituties........................................................................................................................ 19
2.4. Culturele diversiteit .................................................................................................................... 20
1
, 2.5. Culturele identiteit en etnocentrisme ........................................................................................ 21
2.6. Culturele universalia ................................................................................................................... 21
Kritiek op Murdock: ....................................................................................................................... 21
Taal: ............................................................................................................................................... 21
Spreken en schrijven: .................................................................................................................... 22
Semiotiek en materiële cultuur: .................................................................................................... 22
2.7. Contact tussen culturen ............................................................................................................. 22
Voorbeeld: Cargo Cults .................................................................................................................. 22
Hoofdstuk 4: Socialisatie ....................................................................................................................... 24
4.1. De mens als sociaal wezen ......................................................................................................... 24
Het geval ‘Genie’ ........................................................................................................................... 24
4.2. Opvoedingspatronen .................................................................................................................. 24
Repressieve versus tolerante socialisatie:..................................................................................... 25
4.3. De vroege ontwikkeling van het kind ......................................................................................... 26
Ontwikkeling van de receptievaardigheid: .................................................................................... 26
Lachen en wenen:.......................................................................................................................... 26
Zuigelingen en verzorgers: ............................................................................................................ 26
De ontwikkeling van sociale reacties: ........................................................................................... 26
Gehechtheid en verlies:................................................................................................................. 27
Deprivatie bij kinderen: ................................................................................................................. 27
4.4. Theorieën over de ontwikkeling van het kind ............................................................................ 28
A. Freud en de psychoanalyse: .................................................................................................. 28
B. Theorie van G. H. Mead:........................................................................................................ 29
4.5. Socialiserende instituties............................................................................................................ 29
Het gezin: ....................................................................................................................................... 30
De ‘peer group’:............................................................................................................................. 30
Scholen: ......................................................................................................................................... 30
Massa -en social media: ................................................................................................................ 31
4.6. Secundaire socialisatie ............................................................................................................... 31
4.7. Hersocialisatie en ‘total institutions’ .......................................................................................... 32
4.8. De levensloop ............................................................................................................................. 32
1) Kindertijd: .............................................................................................................................. 33
2) Adolescentie: ......................................................................................................................... 33
3) De jongvolwassene: ............................................................................................................... 33
4) Volwassenheid:...................................................................................................................... 34
5) De bejaarde: .......................................................................................................................... 34
6) De dood: ................................................................................................................................ 34
2
, 4.9. Overgangsrituelen ...................................................................................................................... 34
4.10. Sociale controle ........................................................................................................................ 35
Geweld:.......................................................................................................................................... 35
Economische druk: ........................................................................................................................ 35
Roddel en ridiculiseren: ................................................................................................................. 36
Uitsluiting: ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Zeden en gewoonten:.................................................................................................................... 36
Hoofdstuk 5: sociale interactie .............................................................................................................. 37
5.1. De samenleving als interactie..................................................................................................... 37
5.2. Garfinkels ‘breaching experiment’ ............................................................................................. 37
5.3. Conversatie-analyse & Goffmans dramaturgie .......................................................................... 38
Tact ................................................................................................................................................ 38
Impression management:.............................................................................................................. 38
Beleefde inattentie (‘civil inattention’): ........................................................................................ 38
Voorplan en achterplan (‘Front and back regions’): ..................................................................... 38
Façade............................................................................................................................................ 38
‘Focused interaction’ en ‘unfocused interaction’: ........................................................................ 39
Gebruik van de ruimte (E. Hall’s Proxemics): ................................................................................ 39
Bracketing ...................................................................................................................................... 39
5.4. Gezichtsuitdrukkingen en emotie .............................................................................................. 39
5.5. De sociale rol en de ‘dubbele contingentie’ van sociale interacties .......................................... 40
De sociale rol: ................................................................................................................................ 40
5.6. Afhankelijkheidsrelaties en perverse effecten ........................................................................... 41
Spontane effecten bij afhankelijkheidsrelaties: ............................................................................ 41
5.7. Interacties in tijd en ruimte ........................................................................................................ 41
De kloktijd:..................................................................................................................................... 42
Tijdsgeografie ................................................................................................................................ 42
Koloniseren van de tijd: ................................................................................................................. 42
Hoofdstuk 6: Groepen & organisaties ................................................................................................... 43
6.1. Soorten verenigingen ................................................................................................................. 43
Groep, sociaal aggregaat & sociale categorie: .............................................................................. 43
Primaire en secundaire groepen: .................................................................................................. 43
‘Gemeinschaft’ en ‘Gesellschaft’: .................................................................................................. 44
Formele organisaties: .................................................................................................................... 45
6.2. Webers bureaucratiebegrip ....................................................................................................... 45
Bureaucratie en oligarchie. ‘De Ijzeren Wet’ van Robert Michels ................................................ 46
Japanse bedrijven: ......................................................................................................................... 47
3
, Het nieuwe managementdiscours: ‘Werken is Fun’ en ‘Leve de Flexibiliteit’: ............................. 47
Professionals in organisaties: ........................................................................................................ 47
Hoofdstuk 7: Stratificatie & sociale klasse ............................................................................................ 49
7.1. Systemen van sociale stratificatie .............................................................................................. 49
7.2. Theorieën over sociale stratificatie ............................................................................................ 51
7.2.1. De klassentheorie van Marx ................................................................................................ 51
7.2.2. Max Weber over klasse, status en partij ............................................................................. 52
7.2.3. De klassentheorie van Erik Olin Wright ............................................................................... 52
7.2.4. Frank Parkin: sociale sluiting ............................................................................................... 53
7.2.5. De functionalistische benadering (Davis & Moore) ............................................................ 53
7.3. Klassen in Westerse maatschappijen ......................................................................................... 54
7.4. Gender en stratificatie................................................................................................................ 55
7.5. Het veranderende klassensysteem ............................................................................................ 55
7.6. Sociale mobiliteit ........................................................................................................................ 56
Hoofdstuk 8: Deviantie & criminaliteit ................................................................................................. 57
8.1 Wat is deviantie? ......................................................................................................................... 57
8.2 Veranderingen in wijze van bestraffen ....................................................................................... 57
8.3 Sociogenese van de gevangenis .................................................................................................. 58
8.4 Biologische en psychologische theorieën van crimineel gedrag ................................................. 58
8.5 Maatschappij en misdaad: sociologische theorieën ................................................................... 59
1 DE THEORIE VAN DE DIFFERENTIËLE ASSOCIATIE ...................................................................... 59
2 MERTONS ANOMIETHEORIE....................................................................................................... 59
3 DELINQUENTE SUBCULTUREN .................................................................................................... 60
4 LABELING THEORIE ..................................................................................................................... 60
5 RATIONAL CHOICE EN ‘SITUATIONELE’ INTERPRETATIES VAN CRIMINALITEIT .......................... 61
8.6 Gevangenissen en straffen .......................................................................................................... 62
8.7 Het begrip geestesziekte ............................................................................................................. 63
8.8 Deviantie en sociale orde ............................................................................................................ 64
Hoofdstuk 9: Gender & seksualiteit ...................................................................................................... 65
9.1 Seks, ‘gender’ en biologie ............................................................................................................ 65
9.2 Freud over de ontwikkeling van gender ...................................................................................... 66
9.3 Patriarchaat en productie: de dominantie van mannen ............................................................. 68
Hoofdstuk 10: Verwantschap, huwelijk & gezin.................................................................................... 71
10.1 Gezin en huwelijk ...................................................................................................................... 71
10.2 De oorsprong van het gezin – een sociobiologische benadering .............................................. 72
10.3 Het gezin en het huwelijk in de Europese geschiedenis ........................................................... 73
10.4 Parsons over het verband tussen nucleair gezin en industrialisatie ......................................... 74
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