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Samenvatting Inleiding tot de Filosofie (SEW & Sociologie, UA) $5.93   Add to cart

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Samenvatting Inleiding tot de Filosofie (SEW & Sociologie, UA)

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Deze samenvatting is geschikt voor alle 1e bachelor studenten Sew & Sociologie. Het bevat duidelijk alle theorie bij elke filosoof, vergelijkingen tussen hen en verbanden. Kortom is dit de complete theorie die gekend moet worden voor het examen.

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  • December 21, 2022
  • 33
  • 2021/2022
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Filosofie
Inhoudsopgave
Inleiding ........................................................................................................................................................... 4

1. Socrates........................................................................................................................................................ 4
Situering ............................................................................................................................................................. 4
Zelfzekerheid v/ Socrates .................................................................................................................................... 4
Socrates ......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Sofisten .......................................................................................................................................................... 4
Concept transcendentie ...................................................................................................................................... 5

2. Plato ............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Socratisch karakter ............................................................................................................................................. 5
Ideeenleer ........................................................................................................................................................... 6
Mens en maatschappij ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Besluit ................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Transcendentie ................................................................................................................................................... 7
Kritiek op Plato’s filosofie ................................................................................................................................... 7
Opvatting Taal .................................................................................................................................................... 7

3. Aristoteles .................................................................................................................................................... 7
Kritiek op Plato ................................................................................................................................................... 7
Essentialisme ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
Gelijkenissen Plato.............................................................................................................................................. 8
Ontologie ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
Kennis ............................................................................................................................................................ 9
Herbergzaam ................................................................................................................................................. 9
Trascendentie ................................................................................................................................................ 9
Ethiek .................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Opdracht........................................................................................................................................................... 10

4. Descartes.................................................................................................................................................... 11
Achtergrond: wetenschappelijke ontwikkelingen............................................................................................. 11
Astronomie .................................................................................................................................................. 11
Fysica ........................................................................................................................................................... 11
Wiskunde ..................................................................................................................................................... 11
Natuurwetenschap ...................................................................................................................................... 11
Filosofie ............................................................................................................................................................ 11
Methodische twijfel ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Bewijs bestaan God ..................................................................................................................................... 12
Kennis v/d WH ............................................................................................................................................. 13
Transcendentie ................................................................................................................................................. 13




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, Vergelijking Oude Grieken (P & A) .................................................................................................................... 13

5. Spinoza ....................................................................................................................................................... 14
Achtergrond: moderne wetenschap opkomst .................................................................................................. 14
Reacties ontluistering .................................................................................................................................. 14
Filosofie ............................................................................................................................................................ 14
Vergelijking ....................................................................................................................................................... 15

6. Hume.......................................................................................................................................................... 17
Theorie v/d menselijke geest ............................................................................................................................ 17
Vergelijking Descartes ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Details Filosofisch systeem ............................................................................................................................... 17
Scepticisme ....................................................................................................................................................... 17
Natuur .............................................................................................................................................................. 18
Ethiek ................................................................................................................................................................ 18

Tussenhoofdstuk: Moderne visie op de WH, de redelijkheid en de tijd .......................................................... 19
Moderne visie op WH ....................................................................................................................................... 19
Moderen visie op redelijkheid........................................................................................................................... 19
Moderne visie op tijd ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Ideaal v/d Verlichting en Eurocentrisme/kolonialisme ..................................................................................... 20
Moderne natuurwetenschap ............................................................................................................................ 20
Reden verlichting succesvol kritiek, niet creatie ............................................................................................... 21
Besluit ............................................................................................................................................................... 21

7. Immanuel Kant ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Filosofie: Transcendentale methode................................................................................................................. 22
Hoe is empirische kennis mogelijk? .................................................................................................................. 22
Grenzen v/d kennis ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Ethiek/Praktische rede ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Verhouding theorethische en praktische rede .................................................................................................. 23
Opdracht........................................................................................................................................................... 23
Vergelijking moderne filosofen ......................................................................................................................... 24
Verscheurde subjectiviteit ................................................................................................................................ 24

8. Friedrich Nietzsche ..................................................................................................................................... 24
I. Nietzsches genealogisch project ............................................................................................................. 24
II. Wil tot macht, hoge mens, eeuwige terugkeer v/ hetzelfde ................................................................... 25
Nietzsches opvatting over transcendentie ....................................................................................................... 26
Kritiek ............................................................................................................................................................... 26

Tussenhoofdstuk: het einde v/d moderne cultuur? ........................................................................................ 27
Dilemma v/d moderne cultuur ......................................................................................................................... 27


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, Oplossingen dilemma ....................................................................................................................................... 28

9. Taal ............................................................................................................................................................ 28
Waarom? .......................................................................................................................................................... 28
Grice & Searle ................................................................................................................................................... 29
Davidson ........................................................................................................................................................... 30

10. Interpretatie v/ transcendentie ................................................................................................................ 31
De twijfel komt na het geloof ........................................................................................................................... 31
Discussie ........................................................................................................................................................... 32




3

, Inleiding
Wat is filosofie?
 Cultuur: mens leeft en samenleeft
 Manier nadenken over leven
 = ‘spreken over spreken’
In deze cursus: gn waardeoordeel, gn canon v/ filosofen

1. Socrates
470-399 vChr
Situering
Wanneer? 600-300 vChr
Waar? Oostelijke Middellandse zee
Wat? Ontstaan v/ enkele fundamentele aspecten v/ Europese cultuur (democratie,
geschiedschrijving, meetkunde, theater, sport, atheisme)
Hoe?
 Economische welvaart
 Democratie: mannen i. massavergaderingen (amfitheaters)
o Impact v/h woord: gewoonte discussie en kritisch denken  minder taboes &
uitsluiting
o Impact v/h schrift: steun vr geheugen, instrument verspreiding v/ kennis 
bevordering kritische houding
 Verwerpen v/ traditionele religieuze verklaring v/ aard & oorsprong v/ wereld + opstellen
v/ menselijke verklaring die voorwerp is v/ discussie
- Verwachting argumenten
- Principes (archè) + teksten (logos)
Zelfzekerheid v/ Socrates
Socrates
Wie? Griekse filosoof (470-399vChr), gestorven dr gifbeker (Apologie v/ Plato)
 Discussiëren op straat over wat gelukt (= gelukkig + goed, juiste manier v/ leven zorgt
vr geluk) leven
 Antwoord niet bereikbaar
o Instinct (enkel nr aangenaam, nt gelukt)
o Sociaal aanvaardbare gewoonte
 Antwoord wel bereikbaar
o Inzicht: zij die niet juiste doen dr geen kennis wat juiste is, gebrek a/ inzicht
 Zeker over zoektocht n. inzicht waardevol is  zijn leven waardevol
 Zekerheid dat je om ethische & morele vragen inzicht (universeel, vr idrn) kan bereiken
(nt zeker wruit inzicht bestaat)
Sofisten (vb. Protagoras)
Wie? Rondreizende leraars die tegen betaling opleiding bieden i. retoriek (= kunst v/
spreken)
 Opleiding retoriek: alle waarheid is relatief (= Homo mensuraleer = individueel mens
is maat v/ alle dingen), er is gn kennis/ zekerheid mogelijk
 mening die meest voordelig is vr jou & a. v/ deze mening overtuigen
 Kritiek v/ Socrates
1. Onderscheid tss zijn & schijn (sofisten: enkel schijn)


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