Een volledige samenvatting van het vak Private Veiligheid aan de VUB. Bestaat uit: inhoudstafel, samenvatting slides van de powerpoint en eigen notities. De samenvatting werd geschreven in het jaar .
Lessenverloop
LES DATUM ONDERWERP
1 4/10 Inleiding tot de private veiligheid
2 11/10 De historische ontwikkeling en groei private veiligheid
3 18/10 De historische ontwikkeling en groei private veiligheid
4 25/10 Publieke en private modellen in veiligheidszorg
5 8/11 Wet private en bijzondere veiligheid – wet 2 oktober 2017
6 15/11 Gastcollege – privédetectives
7 22/11 Gastcollege – werknemerscriminaliteit en private justice
8 29/11 Private militaire ondernemingen
9 6/12 Private veiligheid in internationaal perspectief
10 13/12 Private veiligheid en COVID-19
Inhoudstafel
1 HOOFDSTUK 1: INLEIDING TOT DE PRIVATE VEILIGHEID......................................................................................................... 4
1.1 HET VEILIGHEIDSLANDSCHAP IN BELGIË.............................................................................................................................................4
1.1.1 Actoren................................................................................................................................................................................4
1.2 PLURALISERING VAN DE POLITIEFUNCTIE............................................................................................................................................6
1.2.1 Classificaties........................................................................................................................................................................7
1.2.2 Afbakening..........................................................................................................................................................................8
1.2.3 Totaal aantal vergunde en erkende dienstverleners..........................................................................................................9
1.2.4 Overzicht.............................................................................................................................................................................9
1.3 PRIVATE VEILIGHEIDSSTUDIES: ‘60-’70: EERSTE STUDIES......................................................................................................................9
2 HOOFDSTUK 2: DE HISTORISCHE ONTWIKKELING EN GROEI VAN PRIVATE VEILIGHEID.........................................................10
2.1 POLITIEGESCHIEDENIS EN VEILIGHEIDSZORG.....................................................................................................................................10
2.1.1 The big picture..................................................................................................................................................................10
2.2 HISTORISCHE ONTWIKKELING PRIVATE VEILIGHEID.............................................................................................................................11
2.2.1 1830-1907.........................................................................................................................................................................11
2.2.2 1907-1990: belangrijk.......................................................................................................................................................11
2.2.3 Overzicht bewakingspersoneel per onderneming.............................................................................................................12
2.2.4 1990-2017.........................................................................................................................................................................12
2.2.5 Sinds 2017.........................................................................................................................................................................13
2.3 PRIVATE VEILIGHEIDSZORG IN BELGIË..............................................................................................................................................13
2.3.1 De burgerwacht (1830-1914)............................................................................................................................................13
2.3.2 Conclusie...........................................................................................................................................................................16
2.4 DE OPMARS VAN PRIVATE VEILIGHEID.............................................................................................................................................17
2.4.1 Rol en macht van de overheid...........................................................................................................................................17
2.4.2 Verklaringen......................................................................................................................................................................18
2.4.3 Verklaringen......................................................................................................................................................................18
2.4.4 Verklaringen deel 2...........................................................................................................................................................19
2.4.5 Kritische noot op de verklaringen.....................................................................................................................................19
2.5 PRIVATE VEILIGHEIDSZORG IN BELGIË – DE ONTWIKKELING VAN DE BEWAKINGSSECTOR (1907-1990)........................................................20
2.5.1 Fasen in de historische ontwikkeling................................................................................................................................20
2.5.2 Wet van 10 april 1990 op de bewakingsondernemingen, beveiligingsondernemingen en interne bewakingsdiensten. 21
2.6 EVOLUTIE BEWAKINGSSECTOR IN BELGIË (1907-1990).....................................................................................................................21
2.6.1 1907-1919.........................................................................................................................................................................21
2.6.2 1919-1945.........................................................................................................................................................................23
2.6.3 1945 -1968 (iets minder belangrijk)..................................................................................................................................24
2.6.4 1968-1979.........................................................................................................................................................................25
2.6.5 1979-1990.........................................................................................................................................................................26
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3 HOOFDSTUK 3: DE PUBLIEKE EN PRIVATE MODELLEN IN DE VEILIGHEIDSZORG....................................................................27
3.1 ALGEMEEN................................................................................................................................................................................ 27
3.2 OVERZICHT SAMENWERKINGSMODELLEN.........................................................................................................................................27
3.2.1 Junior partner model.........................................................................................................................................................28
3.2.2 Economisch model............................................................................................................................................................28
3.2.3 Politiecomplex (veiligheidscomplex).................................................................................................................................28
3.2.4 Internationaal model........................................................................................................................................................29
3.2.5 Public-private divide model...............................................................................................................................................29
3.2.6 Integrale veiligheidszorg...................................................................................................................................................29
4 HOOFDSTUK 4: WET PRIVATE EN BIJZONDERE VEILIGHEID – WET 2 OKTOBER 2017..............................................................30
4.1 TOEPASSINGSGEBIED (7 ACTIVITEITENDOMEINEN).............................................................................................................................30
4.1.1 Private bewaking..............................................................................................................................................................31
4.1.2 Alarmsystemen.................................................................................................................................................................36
4.1.3 Camerasystemen...............................................................................................................................................................37
4.1.4 Veiligheidsadvies...............................................................................................................................................................38
4.1.5 Veiligheidsdienst...............................................................................................................................................................39
4.1.6 Maritieme veiligheid.........................................................................................................................................................40
4.1.7 Opleidingen.......................................................................................................................................................................40
4.2 ONDERNEMINGEN EN INTERNE DIENSTEN........................................................................................................................................41
4.2.1 Vergunningstelstel (sinds 2017)........................................................................................................................................41
4.2.2 Verplichtingen voor ondernemingen en diensten............................................................................................................41
4.2.3 Specifieke verplichtingen – specialiteitsbeginsel..............................................................................................................42
4.3 PERSONEN................................................................................................................................................................................ 42
4.3.1 Veiligheidsonderzoek – pre-screening..............................................................................................................................43
4.4 BEVOEGDHEDEN.........................................................................................................................................................................43
4.4.1 Generieke/algemene bevoegdheden................................................................................................................................43
4.4.2 Activiteitsgebonden bevoegdheden..................................................................................................................................46
4.4.3 Situationele bevoegdheden...............................................................................................................................................46
5 HOOFDSTUK 5: PRIVÉDETECTIVES........................................................................................................................................ 46
5.1 CONTEXT.................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
5.2 GENERATIES.............................................................................................................................................................................. 47
5.2.1 Eerste generatie (huis,tuin en keuken detective)..............................................................................................................47
5.2.2 Tweede generatie..............................................................................................................................................................47
5.2.3 Derde generatie (jaren 70-80-90).....................................................................................................................................48
5.2.4 Vierde generatie................................................................................................................................................................48
5.3 WET 19 JULI 1991 TOT REGELING VAN HET BEROEP VAN PRIVÉ-DETECTIVE...........................................................................................48
5.3.1 Uitgangspunten (4)...........................................................................................................................................................48
5.3.2 Voorwaarden....................................................................................................................................................................49
5.3.3 Activiteiten........................................................................................................................................................................50
5.4 TOEKOMSTIGE WETGEVING...........................................................................................................................................................50
5.5 BESLUIT.................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
6 HOOFDSTUK 6: WERKNEMERSCRIMINALITEIT EN PRIVATE JUSTITIE.....................................................................................51
6.1 DE STUDIE VAN PRIVATE VEILIGHEID...............................................................................................................................................51
6.2 DEFINITIE................................................................................................................................................................................. 52
6.3 DADER= WERKNEMER................................................................................................................................................................. 52
6.4 SLACHTOFFER= WERKGEVER......................................................................................................................................................... 53
6.5 WAT VERBINDT DADER EN SO...................................................................................................................................................... 53
6.6 VERSCHILLENDE SOORTEN WERKNEMERSCRIMINALITEIT......................................................................................................................53
6.6.1 Vermogenscriminaliteit.....................................................................................................................................................53
6.6.2 Geweldscriminaliteit.........................................................................................................................................................53
6.6.3 Informatiecriminaliteit......................................................................................................................................................54
6.6.4 Seksuele criminaliteit........................................................................................................................................................54
6.7 ETIOLOGIE.................................................................................................................................................................................54
6.8 COMPLEMENTAIRE PRIVATE JUSTITIE.............................................................................................................................................. 55
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7 HOOFDSTUK 7: HUURLINGEN EN PRIVATE MILITAIRE ONDERNEMINGEN.............................................................................56
7.1 THE CRIMINOLOGY OF WAR..........................................................................................................................................................56
7.1.1 Eventjes terug geschiedenis..............................................................................................................................................56
7.2 HUURLINGEN............................................................................................................................................................................. 57
7.2.1 Statelijke huurlingen.........................................................................................................................................................57
7.2.2 Criminele huurlingen.........................................................................................................................................................58
7.3 PRIVATE MILITAIRE ONDERNEMINGEN.............................................................................................................................................59
7.3.1 Achtergrond en verklaringen............................................................................................................................................59
7.3.2 Kenmerken PMC................................................................................................................................................................60
7.4 CASUS: WAGNER GROUP.............................................................................................................................................................61
7.4.1 Achtergrond......................................................................................................................................................................61
7.4.2 Operaties...........................................................................................................................................................................62
7.5 HUURLINGEN EN PRIVATE MILITAIRE ONDERNEMINGEN: BESLUIT.........................................................................................................62
8 HOOFDSTUK 8 INTERNATIONAAL PERSPECTIEF OP PRIVATE VEILIGHEID..............................................................................63
8.1 PRIVATE VEILIGHEID IN BELGIË...................................................................................................................................................... 63
8.1.1 Herhaling...........................................................................................................................................................................63
8.2 PRIVATE VEILIGHEID INTERNATIONAAL............................................................................................................................................ 63
8.2.1 Voorbeelden pluralisering.................................................................................................................................................63
8.2.2 Samengevat......................................................................................................................................................................63
8.2.3 Omvang en wetgeving......................................................................................................................................................64
8.3 PRIVATE VEILIGHEID: GLOBALE CIJFERS........................................................................................................................................... 64
8.4 PRIVATE VEILIGHEID IN EUROPESE CONTEXT.....................................................................................................................................65
8.4.1 Omvang en beroepsfederaties..........................................................................................................................................65
8.5 COESS – FACTS & FIGURES (2013)............................................................................................................................................. 65
8.6 WETGEVING EUROPA..................................................................................................................................................................66
8.7 PRIVATE VEILIGHEID IN INTERNATIONAAL PERSPECTIEF.......................................................................................................................67
8.7.1 Besluit................................................................................................................................................................................67
9 HOOFDSTUK 9 CRITICAL WORKERS? PRIVATE SECURITY, PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS AND THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC....................68
9.1 COVID-19 AND POLICING SCHOLARSHIP......................................................................................................................................... 68
9.2 PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS AND LEGITIMACY...........................................................................................................................................68
9.3 CRITICAL WORKER STATUS DURING PANDEMIC.................................................................................................................................68
9.4 THE HIDDEN WORKFORCE?..........................................................................................................................................................69
9.5 THE HIDDEN WORKFORCE?..........................................................................................................................................................70
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1 Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding tot de private
veiligheid
Welke controle mag de bewakingsagent uitvoeren bij personen aan de toegang van Tomorrowland?
- Enkel oppervlakkige betasting van hetzelfde geslacht
- Bewakingsagent mag vragen om een handtas te openen
- Mag de bewakingsagent de toegang weigeren, indien je niet wil gefouilleerd worden? Ja
- Er mag geen verwarring ontstaan tussen politie en bewakingsagent. dit is vaak met rode accenten
18 000 – 19 000 bewakingsagenten aanwezig in België
700-900 privédetectives in België
1.1 Het veiligheidslandschap in België
1.1.1 Actoren
Gedifferentieerd veiligheidslandschap: publieke en private veiligheidsactoren
- Politie, leger, civiele bescherming, gemeenschapswachten, inlichtingendiensten, inspectiediensten, …
- Private sector
o Private onderzoekers (privédetectives), installateurs alarmsystemen, bewakingsagenten, portiers,
bodyguards, winkelinspecteurs, veiligheidsagenten, …
o Onder toezicht en controle minister van Binnenlandse Zaken
1.1.1.1 Publieke veiligheidssector
Politieambtenaren – lokale politie
- Wet van 5 augustus 1992 betreffende de politiedienst en Wet van 7 december 1998 tot organisatie van een
geïntegreerde politiedienst, gestructureerd op twee niveaus
- Politiezone, korpschef
- Verhouding federale politie
- Wet van 5 augustus 1992 betreffende de politiedienst en Wet van 7 december 1998 tot organisatie van een
geïntegreerde politiedienst, gestructureerd op twee niveaus
- Commissaris-Generaal, Minister Binnenlandse Zaken en Justitie
- Verhouding lokale politie
Gemeenschapswachten
- Wet van 15 mei 2007 tot instelling van de functie van gemeenschapswacht, tot instelling van de dienst
gemeenschapswachten en tot wijziging van art. 119bis van de nieuwe gemeentewet
- Alle niet-politionele, publieke veiligheidsfuncties sinds 1 januari 2008
- Stadswachten, parkwachters, stewards (niet te verwarren met voetbalstewards), lijnspotters, ambtenaren
bevoegd om vaststellingen te doen die leiden tot een Gemeentelijke Administratieve Sanctie (GAS), …
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