Summary
Samenvatting cursus communicatiewetenschappen
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Dit is een samenvatting van de cursus en ook gedeeltelijk gebaseerd op de slides. Een overzicht van de communicatiemodellen kan je ook op mijn profiel vinden!
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Communicatiewetenschappen1 Inleiding..................................................................................................................................................................5
2 Basisconcepten en modellen..................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Wat is communicatie?...........................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Controversen & breekpunten................................................................................................................................6
2.2.1 Intentionaliteit al breekpunt...........................................................................................................................6
2.2.2 Geslaagdheid als criterium.............................................................................................................................6
2.2.3 Richting van de communicatie........................................................................................................................6
2.2.4 Observatieniveau = algemeen OF menselijk niveau.......................................................................................6
2.3 Elementen van het communicatieproces..............................................................................................................6
2.4 Communicatiemodellen........................................................................................................................................8
3 Verbale communicatie............................................................................................................................................9
3.1 Natuurlijke taal......................................................................................................................................................9
3.2 Taalvormen............................................................................................................................................................9
3.3 De subsystemen van taal.....................................................................................................................................10
3.4 Pragmatische stijlen en structuren – taalgebruik in verschillende contexten......................................................11
3.5 Conversatiemaximes van Grice............................................................................................................................11
3.6 Small talk.............................................................................................................................................................11
3.7 Taal en sociale identiteit......................................................................................................................................12
3.8 Taal en culturele verschillen...............................................................................................................................12
4 Non – verbale communicatie................................................................................................................................13
4.1 Kenmerken van non – verbale communicatie.....................................................................................................13
4.2 Voor welke soort informatie is non – verbale communicatie belangrijk?............................................................13
4.3 Non – verbale versus verbale communicatie.......................................................................................................14
4.4 Kinesics................................................................................................................................................................14
4.4.1 Lichaamshouding..........................................................................................................................................15
4.4.2 Handen en armen.........................................................................................................................................15
4.4.3 Gelaatsuitdrukkingen....................................................................................................................................15
4.4.4 Ooggedrag....................................................................................................................................................16
4.5 Proxemics: territorialiteit en ruimtegebruik........................................................................................................16
4.5.1 Soorten territoria en inbreuken op territoria...............................................................................................16
4.5.2 Ruimtegebruik: zit – en kantoorindeling.......................................................................................................16
4.5.3 Persoonlijke ruimte.......................................................................................................................................16
4.6 Haptics.................................................................................................................................................................17
4.7 Chronemics..........................................................................................................................................................17
4.8 Fysieke kenmerken..............................................................................................................................................17
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, 4.9 De ‘taal’ van objecten..........................................................................................................................................18
4.10 Paralinguïstiek...................................................................................................................................................18
4.11 Hoe ziet non – verbale communicatie eruit in een online context?..................................................................18
5 Interpersoonlijke en groepscommunicatie............................................................................................................19
5.1 Interpersoonlijke communicatie..........................................................................................................................19
5.1.1 Interpersoonlijke communicatie als een speciale vorm van dyadische communicatie.................................19
5.1.2 De ontwikkeling van interpersoonlijke relaties.............................................................................................20
5.1.3 (potentiële) probleemaspecten binnen relaties...........................................................................................22
5.2 Groepscommunicatie..........................................................................................................................................23
5.2.1 Wat is een groep?.........................................................................................................................................23
5.2.2 Groepsprocessen..........................................................................................................................................25
6 Organisatiecommunicatie.....................................................................................................................................27
6.1 Interne communicatie.........................................................................................................................................27
6.1.1 Soorten communicatie en hun functies........................................................................................................27
6.1.2 Formele en informele communicatie............................................................................................................28
6.1.3 Communicatiestromen en – netwerken.......................................................................................................28
6.1.4 Samenvattend; een classificatie van interne communicatie op basis van inhoud, betrokkenen en richting
van de communicatiestromen...............................................................................................................................30
6.1.5 Type organisatie, organisatiestructuur en interne communicatie................................................................31
6.1.6 Organisatiecultuur en interne communicatie...............................................................................................32
6.1.7 De stijl van leiding geven en interne communicatie.....................................................................................32
6.1.8 Online interne communicatie.......................................................................................................................32
6.2 Corporate communicatie.....................................................................................................................................33
6.2.1 De relatie tussen imago en (gewenste) identiteit.........................................................................................33
6.2.2 Image – of impressiemanagement door middel van corporate communicatie............................................34
6.2.3 De online reputatie van een organisatie.......................................................................................................35
6.3 Marketingcommunicatie.....................................................................................................................................35
6.3.1 Marketingcommunicatie – mix.....................................................................................................................35
6.3.2 Marketingcommunicatie in het digitale tijdperk..........................................................................................36
6.4 Merken of brands................................................................................................................................................36
7 Massacommunicatie: de mediaorganisatie...........................................................................................................37
7.1 Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................37
7.2 Een organisationele benadering van de nieuwsproductie...................................................................................37
7.2.1 De inhoud van het nieuws............................................................................................................................37
7.2.2 Organisatie-interne en – externe factoren die de nieuwsinhoud beïnvloeden............................................38
7.3 Een organisationele benadering van de fictieproductie (in case een soapproductie).........................................43
7.4 Besluit.................................................................................................................................................................. 46
8 Massacommunicatie: de inhoud...........................................................................................................................47
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, 8.1 inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................47
8.2 De mediatekst......................................................................................................................................................47
8.2.1 Wat is een mediatekst?................................................................................................................................47
8.2.2 Open vs. gesloten teksten............................................................................................................................48
8.2.3 Soorten “lezingen” of “decoderingen”.........................................................................................................48
8.2.4 Realisme van mediateksten..........................................................................................................................48
8.2.5 Analyse van mediateksten............................................................................................................................49
8.3 mediagenres........................................................................................................................................................50
8.3.1 Kenmerken...................................................................................................................................................50
8.3.2 Voorbeeld van een (vrij recent) genre: reality TV.........................................................................................51
9 Massacommunicatie: het publiek.........................................................................................................................53
9.1 Inleiding...............................................................................................................................................................53
9.2 Veranderende publieksconcepten.......................................................................................................................53
9.3 Publieksonderzoek..............................................................................................................................................54
9.3.1 Doelstellingen: media- versus publieksgecentreerd.....................................................................................54
9.3.2 Onderzoekstradities......................................................................................................................................54
9.3.3 Onderzoeksmethoden..................................................................................................................................55
9.4 Totstandkoming van een (TV)-publiek.................................................................................................................55
9.4.1 Structurele verklaringen voor Tv-kijken........................................................................................................56
9.4.2 Uses and Gratifications: mediagebruik als doelbewuste behoeftebevrediging............................................57
9.4.3 Aanvullingen en kritiek op uses and gratifications- theorie..........................................................................59
9.4.4 Integratie van beide perspectieven?............................................................................................................59
9.5 Televisie 2.0?.......................................................................................................................................................60
9.6 Mediablootstelling in het digitale tijdperk: opnieuw een kwestie van individuele en structurele verklaringen ?
.................................................................................................................................................................................. 60
10 Massacommunicatie: de effecten.......................................................................................................................61
10.1 Inleiding............................................................................................................................................................61
10.2 Almacht van het mediaparadigma.....................................................................................................................61
10.2.1 Uitgangspunten..........................................................................................................................................61
10.2.2 Belangrijkste studies...................................................................................................................................61
10.3 Beperkte effecten-paradigma............................................................................................................................63
10.3.1 Uitgangspunten..........................................................................................................................................63
10.3.2 Belangrijke studies......................................................................................................................................63
10.4 Actieve publiek: uses and gratifications.............................................................................................................67
10.5 Lange-termijn-effecten......................................................................................................................................67
10.5.1 Uitgangspunten..........................................................................................................................................67
10.5.2 Studies/theorieën.......................................................................................................................................67
10.6 Media-effecten in nieuwe mediaomgeving.......................................................................................................71
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, 10.7 Besluit................................................................................................................................................................71
11 Nieuwe media.....................................................................................................................................................72
11.1 Inleiding.............................................................................................................................................................72
11.2 Kenmerken van nieuwe media..........................................................................................................................72
11.2.1 Digitality (digitaliteit)..................................................................................................................................72
11.2.2 Interactivity (interactiviteit)........................................................................................................................72
11.2.3 Hypertext....................................................................................................................................................72
11.2.4 Dispersal (verspreiding)..............................................................................................................................73
11.2.5 Virtuallity....................................................................................................................................................73
11.2.6 Convergence (convergentie).......................................................................................................................73
11.3 Geschiedenis van het internet...........................................................................................................................73
11.3.1 ARPANET.....................................................................................................................................................73
11.3.2 Naar een globaal netwerk...........................................................................................................................74
11.3.3 Het IWW.....................................................................................................................................................74
11.3.4 De dotcom dubbele en millenium bug........................................................................................................74
11.3.5 Web 2.0......................................................................................................................................................75
11.3.6 … en vervolgens naar web 3.0....................................................................................................................76
11.4 Interactie tussen technologische kenmerken en gebruik(ers)...........................................................................76
11.4.1 Affordances van nieuwe media..................................................................................................................76
11.5 Computer-mediated communication en sociale relaties...................................................................................77
11.5.1 Theorieën over kwaliteit van CMC..............................................................................................................77
11.5.2 Online interpersoonlijke relaties naar online communities........................................................................78
11.6 Mass-self communication..................................................................................................................................79
11.6.1 Zelfpresentatie op social media..................................................................................................................79
11.6.2 Pro- of anti sociale media?.........................................................................................................................79
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