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Samenvatting Inductieve statistiek voor de gedragswetenschappen, statistiek 2
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Samenvatting van het vak statistiek 2 gegeven in het tweede jaar Bachelor Toegepaste psychologie.
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Available practice questions
Statistiek 2 (oefenvragen theorie)
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28 Flashcards
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Flashcards
28 Flashcards
$10.73
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Some examples from this set of practice questions
1.
We zeggen dat het gemiddelde van de steekproef een zuivere schatter is van het gemiddelde van de populatie. Verklaar \'zuivere\' en \'schatter\'.
Answer: Zuiver = er zullen geen systematische afwijkingen zijn wanneer men kijkt naar het gemiddelde van alle mogelijke steekproeven om de populatiegrootheid te schatten. Schatter = we schatten met behulp van het steekproevengemiddelde het populatiegemiddelde.
2.
Hoe weten we wanneer de vorm normaal verdeeld is? Verklaar het Centrale Limiet Theorama:
Answer: Hoe groter we de steekproeven trekken, hoe meer de steekproevenverdeling van het gemiddelde de normale verdeling benadert.
3.
Wanneer is een steekproef normaal verdeeld?
Answer: Als de populatie waaruit de steekproef normaal verdeeld is of N > 30.
4.
Mu en Sigma bepalen de normaalverdeling. Verklaar deze begrippen:
Answer: Mu = gemiddelde van de normale verdeling. Bepaalt de plaats van het midden van de verdeling. Sigma = standaardafwijking (spreiding) van de verdeling. Bepaalt de breedte van de verdeling.
5.
Waarvoor gebruiken we Z-scores?
Answer: Gebruiken we om de waarden uit onze originele normale verdeling te transformeren/standaardiseren zodat ze bruikbaar is in de standaardnormale verdeling.
6.
Wat is een puntschatting?
Answer: Schatten van de populatieparameter via 1 getal. (bv gemiddelden uit verschillende steekproeven).
7.
Wat is een intervalschatting?
Answer: Rond het steekproevengemiddelde (X) een interval afbakenen met de kans dat het populatiegemiddelde (mu) daartussen ligt.
8.
Wat is een betrouwbaarheidsinterval?
Answer: Dit is een intervalschatting waar een interval in ligt. We zijn van dit interval redelijk zeker dat het populatiegemiddelde erin ligt. * Grootte van interval bepalen we zelf. * Steekproef moet aselect getrokken zijn. * Afweging tussen zekerheid en informativiteit.
9.
Wat is de type 1 fout (alfa fout)?
Answer: De nulhypothese ten onrecht verwerpen.
10.
Wat is de type 2 fout ( beta fout)?
Answer: De nulhypothese ten onrecht niet verwerpen.
Content preview
Statistiek 2Samenvatting
1
,Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1 ..........................................................................................................................................................................6
De empirische cyclus ...................................................................................................................................................6
Waarom statistiek? .......................................................................................................................................................6
Problemen in de inductieve statistiek ..................................................................................................................6
Statistische significantie .............................................................................................................................................7
Kansberekening .............................................................................................................................................................7
Toetsen ..............................................................................................................................................................................7
Misbruik van statistiek................................................................................................................................................8
Validiteit ............................................................................................................................................................................8
Interne validiteit .......................................................................................................................................................8
Externe validiteit ......................................................................................................................................................9
Kwalitatief onderzoek ......................................................................................................................................................9
1. Van beleidsvraag naar heldere onderzoeksvraag .......................................................................................9
1.1 Beleidsvraag en probleemdefinitie............................................................................................................9
1.2 Onderzoeksdoel .............................................................................................................................................. 10
2. Wat is dan kwalitatief onderzoek? ................................................................................................................. 11
2.1 Doel ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Basisprincipes ................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.3 Gevolg - verandering in probleemstelling kan................................................................................... 11
In het kort … ............................................................................................................................................................ 12
3. Data-analyse? Eerst data verzamelen. .......................................................................................................... 12
4. Met welke kwalitatieve onderzoeksmethode? .......................................................................................... 12
4.1 Observeren ....................................................................................................................................................... 12
4.2 Kwalitatieve survey....................................................................................................................................... 13
Data analyse met manuele inhoudsanalyse ............................................................................................... 14
4.3 Laboratoriumtests ......................................................................................................................................... 17
5. Hoe de betrouwbaarheid van kwalitatief onderzoek en de data-analyse ervan verhogen? . 17
H2 - Kansverdeling en kansberekening ................................................................................................................. 17
Kansenverdeling ......................................................................................................................................................... 17
1) interval estimatie ............................................................................................................................................. 18
2) Hypothesetoetsing .......................................................................................................................................... 18
Behulpzame begrippen ....................................................................................................................................... 18
Gemiddelde/variantie/standaarddeviatie v/d kansverdeling................................................................ 19
2
, Kansverdeling v/h steekproefgemiddelde ...................................................................................................... 19
Standaardfout v/h gemiddelde berekenen................................................................................................. 21
Vorm v/d steekproevenverdeling v/h gemiddelde ................................................................................ 21
De populatie en steekproeven hangen samen… ....................................................................................... 21
Kansen berekenen in de steekproevenverdeling.......................................................................................... 22
Intermezzo – de (standaard)normale verdeling ........................................................................................... 22
Z-scores ..................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Hoofdstuk 3 - Betrouwbaarheidsintervallen en hypothesetoetsing ......................................................... 24
Betrouwbaarheidsintervallen ............................................................................................................................... 24
Wat is een betrouwbaarheidsinterval? ........................................................................................................ 24
De 68, 95 en 99,7 regel ........................................................................................................................................ 25
Hypothesetoetsing ..................................................................................................................................................... 26
Grote of kleine kans ? ........................................................................................................................................... 27
Samenvattend ......................................................................................................................................................... 27
Eenzijdig en tweezijdig toetsen ....................................................................................................................... 27
Kritieke waarden ................................................................................................................................................... 28
Onzekerheden bij hypothesetoetsing ........................................................................................................... 29
Effectgroottes .......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Parametrisch of non-parametrisch toetsen................................................................................................ 30
Hoofdstuk 4: toetsen voor één populatie .............................................................................................................. 31
T-toets voor het gemiddelde ................................................................................................................................. 31
Z-toets / T-toets ..................................................................................................................................................... 32
De t-verdeling… ...................................................................................................................................................... 32
Vrijheidsgraden (df)............................................................................................................................................. 32
Beslissingsregels .................................................................................................................................................... 33
Kritieke waarden ................................................................................................................................................... 33
Effectgroottes .......................................................................................................................................................... 34
Rapporteren............................................................................................................................................................. 34
Chikwadraattoets voor frequenties .................................................................................................................... 34
De situatie ................................................................................................................................................................. 34
De voorwaarden..................................................................................................................................................... 35
Hypothesen formuleren...................................................................................................................................... 35
Het principe ............................................................................................................................................................. 35
Beslissingsregels .................................................................................................................................................... 35
Effectgroottes (phi) .............................................................................................................................................. 36
Rapporteren............................................................................................................................................................. 36
Hoofdstuk 5: toetsen voor twee populaties ......................................................................................................... 37
3
, T-toets voor twee onafhankelijke steekproeven........................................................................................... 37
Twee populaties vergelijken, verschillende mogelijkheden… ............................................................ 37
De situatie ................................................................................................................................................................. 38
Voorwaarden........................................................................................................................................................... 38
Hypothesen formuleren...................................................................................................................................... 38
Principe bij de T-toets ......................................................................................................................................... 39
Standaardfout van de steekproevenverdeling berekenen ................................................................... 39
(on)gelijke varianties nagaan .......................................................................................................................... 39
Principe bij de F-toets.......................................................................................................................................... 40
Beslissingsregels F-toets .................................................................................................................................... 40
Beslissingsregels t-toets ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Effectgroottes .......................................................................................................................................................... 41
Rapporteren............................................................................................................................................................. 41
Wilcoxon rank-sum toets ........................................................................................................................................ 41
Situatie en voorwaarden .................................................................................................................................... 41
Hypothesen formuleren...................................................................................................................................... 41
Principe...................................................................................................................................................................... 42
Beslissingsregels .................................................................................................................................................... 42
Effectgroottes .......................................................................................................................................................... 43
Hoofdstuk 6: toetsen voor twee populaties – afhankelijke steekproeven .............................................. 44
Opfrissing ...................................................................................................................................................................... 44
T-toets voor twee afhankelijke steekproeven ................................................................................................ 45
De situatie ................................................................................................................................................................. 45
Voorwaarden........................................................................................................................................................... 45
Hypothesen formuleren...................................................................................................................................... 46
Het principe bij de t-toets .................................................................................................................................. 46
Beslissingsregels t-toets….................................................................................................................................. 46
Effectgroottes .......................................................................................................................................................... 47
Rapportage ............................................................................................................................................................... 47
Oefening dia 18 + 19 ........................................................................................................................................... 47
Hoofdstuk 7: toetsen voor meer dan twee populaties – variantieanalyse .............................................. 48
Eenwegsvariantieanalyse (= one-way-anova).............................................................................................. 48
Situatie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Significantie ............................................................................................................................................................. 48
Voorwaarden........................................................................................................................................................... 48
Hypothesen formuleren...................................................................................................................................... 49
Het principe bij de eenwegsvariantieanalyse ............................................................................................ 49
4
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