Summary
Samenvatting Psychologie Hc7 tot Hc16
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Dit is een samenvatting van Psychologie (en psychomotoriek) gegeven door M. Roelands in academiejaar in Thomas More Antwerpen. Het bevat de hoorcolleges 7 tot 16
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Inhoud1. Habituele sensitisatie..........................................................................................................................5
2. Klassieke conditionering.....................................................................................................................5
2.1 Terminologie.................................................................................................................................5
2.2 Appetitieve conditionering...........................................................................................................6
2.3 Aversieve conditionering..............................................................................................................6
2.4 Belangrijke processen...................................................................................................................6
1.4.1 Verwerving.............................................................................................................................6
2.5 Toepassingen - gedragstherapie...................................................................................................8
2.5.1 Fobie......................................................................................................................................8
2.5.2 Verslaving..............................................................................................................................8
3.Operante conditionering.....................................................................................................................9
3.1 Terminologie.................................................................................................................................9
3.2 Shaping.........................................................................................................................................9
3.3 Fading.........................................................................................................................................10
3.4 Bekrachtiging..............................................................................................................................10
3.5 Bekrachtigingsschema en Extinctie.............................................................................................10
3.6 Belonen VS straffen....................................................................................................................10
3.7 In de praktijk...............................................................................................................................10
4. Klassieke VS. Operante conditionering.............................................................................................11
5 Cognitief perspectief op leren...........................................................................................................11
5.1 Inzichtelijk leren..........................................................................................................................11
5.2 Cognitieve plattegronden...........................................................................................................11
5.3 Sociaal leren...............................................................................................................................12
5.3.1 Bobo-doll experiment (examen!!)........................................................................................12
1. Definitie en structuur........................................................................................................................13
1.1 Theoretische definitie.................................................................................................................13
1.2 structuur.....................................................................................................................................13
1.2 CHC – Model...............................................................................................................................13
2. Geschiedenis.....................................................................................................................................16
2.1 eerste golf...................................................................................................................................16
2.2 Tweede golf................................................................................................................................16
2.3 Derde golf...................................................................................................................................17
2.4 Overzicht.....................................................................................................................................17
3. Erfelijkheid VS. Omgeving.................................................................................................................18
1
, 3.1 Nature vs nurture.......................................................................................................................18
4. Groepsverschillen.............................................................................................................................19
4.1 Generatie: Flynn-effect...............................................................................................................19
4.2 Leeftijd........................................................................................................................................19
4.3 Geslacht......................................................................................................................................20
4.4 Bevolkingsgroepen.....................................................................................................................20
1. Multiculturele samenleving..............................................................................................................22
2. Het begrip intelligentie.....................................................................................................................22
2.1 Het meten van intelligentie........................................................................................................23
1. Introductie........................................................................................................................................25
1.1 Een oriëntatie op de ontwikkelingspsychologie..........................................................................25
2. Theoretische perspectieven op ontwikkelingspsychologie...........................................................29
1. De cognitieve ontwikkeling volgens Piaget.......................................................................................30
2. De sensorimotorische periode (0-24m)............................................................................................33
3. De cognitieve ontwikkeling in de peuter- en kleuterleeftijd: Preoperationeel stadium...................36
1.1 Schooltijd: Concreet operationeel stadium................................................................................39
1.1.1 Denken.................................................................................................................................40
1.1.2 Relatie tussen tijd en snelheid.............................................................................................40
1.1.3 Conservatietaken correct oplossen......................................................................................40
1.1.4 Classificatie..........................................................................................................................40
1.2 De cognitieve ontwikkeling in de adolescentie: formeel operationeel stadium (11j en ouder)..41
1.3 De cognitieve ontwikkeling in de volwassenheid: Postformeel stadium....................................43
1.4 De cognitieve ontwikkeling in de oudere volwassenheid...........................................................44
1.1 de basis van sociaal gedrag.........................................................................................................45
1.1.1 Emoties in de babytijd.........................................................................................................45
1.1.2 De ontwikkeling van het ik...................................................................................................47
1.1.3 Social Referencing................................................................................................................47
1.1.4 Theory of mind....................................................................................................................48
1.2 sociale ontwikkeling....................................................................................................................48
1.2.1 Wat is hechting?..................................................................................................................48
1.2.2 De totstandkoming van hechting.........................................................................................51
1.2.3 Interactie met baby’s: ontluikende relaties.........................................................................51
1.3 persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling.....................................................................................................52
1.3.1 Algemeen.............................................................................................................................52
1.3.2 Temperament......................................................................................................................52
1.3.3 Gender.................................................................................................................................53
2
,2. Sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling in de peuter- en kleutertijd..............................................53
2.1 Wie ben ik?.................................................................................................................................53
2.1.1 Conflicten oplossen..............................................................................................................53
2.1.2 Genderidentiteit..................................................................................................................54
2.2 Vrienden en familie....................................................................................................................55
2.2.1 Ontstaan van vriendschappen.............................................................................................55
2.2.2 Theory of mind....................................................................................................................55
1. De schooltijd.....................................................................................................................................56
1.1 De ontwikkeling van het ik..........................................................................................................56
1.1.1 Vlijt versus minderwaardigheid...........................................................................................56
1.1.2 Zelfbeeld..............................................................................................................................57
1.1.3 Eigenwaarde........................................................................................................................58
1.2 Relaties: vriendschappen in de schooltijd...................................................................................58
1.3 Gender en vriendschap: segregatie van de seksen in de lagere schooltijd.................................59
2. De adolescentie................................................................................................................................60
2.1 Ontwikkelingstaken....................................................................................................................60
2.2 Identiteit.....................................................................................................................................61
2.3 Relaties: familie en vrienden......................................................................................................63
1. De volwassenheid.............................................................................................................................66
1.1 De psychosociale theorie van Erikson.........................................................................................66
1.2 De partnerrelatie........................................................................................................................66
1.3 Ouderschap................................................................................................................................67
1.4 Ontwikkelingen in het gezin.......................................................................................................68
1.4.1 Het lege-nestsyndroom.......................................................................................................68
1.4.2 Boemerangkinderen............................................................................................................68
1.4.3 Sandwichgeneratie..............................................................................................................68
1.5 Loopbaan....................................................................................................................................68
1.6 Zelfbeeld en eigenwaarde..........................................................................................................69
1.6.1 Midlifecrisis..........................................................................................................................69
2. De oudere volwassenheid.................................................................................................................69
2.1 Beeldvorming over ouderen.......................................................................................................69
2.2 De sociale en persoonlijkheidsontwikkeling bij ouderen............................................................70
2.2.1 De psychosociale theorie van Erikson..................................................................................70
2.2.2 Het grootouderschap...........................................................................................................70
2.2.3 De pensionering...................................................................................................................71
2.2.4 Verlies en rouw/ levenseinde..............................................................................................72
3
, 1. Geboorte en complicaties bij de geboorte.......................................................................................73
1.1 De geboorte: van foetus tot neonaat.........................................................................................73
1.2 Complicaties bij de geboorte......................................................................................................73
1.2.1 Zuurstoftekort......................................................................................................................73
1.2.2 Premature baby’s: te voeg, te klein.....................................................................................73
1.2.3 Postmature baby’s: te laat, te groot....................................................................................74
1.2.4 Foetaal alcohol syndroom....................................................................................................74
2. Motorische en fysieke ontwikkeling doorheen de levensloop..........................................................75
2.1 Babytijd.......................................................................................................................................75
2.1.1 Reflexen: onze aangeboren fysieke vaardigheden...............................................................75
2.1.2 Motorische Mijlpalen...........................................................................................................75
2.2 Peuter- en kleutertijd..................................................................................................................78
2.2.1 Fysieke groei........................................................................................................................78
2.2.2 Motorische ontwikkeling.....................................................................................................79
2.3 Schooltijd....................................................................................................................................80
2.3.1 De fysieke ontwikkeling.......................................................................................................80
2.3.2 Motorische vaardigheden: voortdurende verbetering........................................................80
2.4 Adolescentie: fysieke ontwikkeling.............................................................................................80
2.4.1 Groei in de adolescentie: het snelle tempo van de fysieke rijping.......................................80
2.4.2 Puberteit: begin van seksuele rijping...................................................................................81
2.4.3 Beeld van het eigen lichaam: reacties op fysieke veranderingen in de adolescentie...........81
2.4.4 De timing van de puberteit: gevolgen van vroege en late rijping........................................82
2.5 Volwassenen: Fysieke ontwikkeling............................................................................................82
2.5.1 Het climacterium.................................................................................................................82
2.5.2 Psychologische reacties op het climacterium......................................................................83
2.6 Oudere volwassenen: Fysieke ontwikkeling...............................................................................83
Leren
• Behavioristische definitie:
4
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