Hoofdstuk 1: Integument ................................................................................................................................. 8
1. De huid ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
De epidermis ............................................................................................................................................. 8
De dermis .................................................................................................................................................. 9
De hypodermis .......................................................................................................................................... 9
1. De epidermis ........................................................................................................................................ 9
a. Cellen van de epidermis: keratinocyten .......................................................................................... 9
b. Cellen van de epidermis: melanocyten ......................................................................................... 10
c. Cellen van de epidermis: cellen van langerhans ........................................................................... 11
d. Cellen van de epidermis: cellen van Merkel.................................................................................. 11
2. Dermo-epidermale grens ................................................................................................................... 12
3. Dermis ................................................................................................................................................ 12
a. Stratum vasculare/papillare .......................................................................................................... 12
b. Stratum compactum/reticulare .................................................................................................... 12
4. Vascularisatie van de huid ................................................................................................................. 13
5. Neuronale structuren van de dermis en hypodermis ........................................................................ 13
6. Tastlichaampjes.................................................................................................................................. 13
7. Lichaampjes van Vater-Pacini ............................................................................................................ 14
8. Andere receptoren ............................................................................................................................. 14
2. Integument bij vogels.............................................................................................................................. 14
3. Huidderivaten ......................................................................................................................................... 15
3.1 Haar ............................................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 De haarfollikel ............................................................................................................................... 16
a. Haarzakje en glasmembraan ......................................................................................................... 16
b. Uitwendige wortelschede ............................................................................................................. 16
c. Inwendige epitheliale wortelschede ............................................................................................. 17
d. Haarbulbus en bindweefselpapil ................................................................................................... 17
3.3 De haargroei .................................................................................................................................. 18
3.4 Invloed op haargroei ..................................................................................................................... 18
3.5 Type haarfollikels .......................................................................................................................... 19
a. Primaire haarfollikel ...................................................................................................................... 19
b. Secundaire haarfollikel .................................................................................................................. 19
c. Enkelvoudige follikel ..................................................................................................................... 19
d. Samengestelde follikel .................................................................................................................. 19
e. Sinusharen ..................................................................................................................................... 19
3.6 Accessoire structuren van het haar ............................................................................................... 19
a. Talgklieren ..................................................................................................................................... 19
b. m. arrector pili ............................................................................................................................... 19
3.7 Veren ............................................................................................................................................. 20
3.8 Nagel ............................................................................................................................................. 20
3.9 Klauw en zoolkussen bij carnivoren .............................................................................................. 21
3.10 De hoef .......................................................................................................................................... 21
3.11 Hoorn van het rund ....................................................................................................................... 22
3.12 Zweetklieren .................................................................................................................................. 22
1. Eccriene zweetklieren ................................................................................................................... 23
2. Apocriene zweetklieren................................................................................................................. 23
3.13 Talgklieren ..................................................................................................................................... 23
3.14 Melkklieren ................................................................................................................................... 24
3.15 Species-gebonden huidderivaten .................................................................................................. 24
Hoofdstuk 2: Het excretiestelsel..................................................................................................................... 25
1. Embryologie van de nier ......................................................................................................................... 25
1.1 Pronefros ....................................................................................................................................... 25
1
, 1.2 Mesonefros ................................................................................................................................... 25
1.3 Metanefros .................................................................................................................................... 26
2. Nier ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
2.1 Volume/ionen-regeling en afvalverwerking .................................................................................. 26
2.2 Macroscopische structuur en algemene anatomie ....................................................................... 26
2.3 Microscopische structuur .............................................................................................................. 26
3. Bloedtoevoer in de nier ........................................................................................................................... 28
4. Het nefron ............................................................................................................................................... 29
5. Nierlichaampje ........................................................................................................................................ 29
5.1 Nierkapsel: viscerale en pariëtale bladen ..................................................................................... 30
5.2 De lamina basalis en de filtratiegrens ........................................................................................... 31
6. Gewonden proximale tubulus ................................................................................................................. 32
6.1 Ionenresorptie en -transport ........................................................................................................ 32
7. Lis van Henle ........................................................................................................................................... 32
8. Distale tubulus ........................................................................................................................................ 33
8.1 Het juxtaglomerulair apparaat ...................................................................................................... 33
8.2 werking van het juxtaglomerulair appraat .................................................................................... 34
9. Verzameltubuli (=ductus colligens) en ducti papillares ........................................................................... 34
9.1 Functie van de verzamelbuizen ............................................................................................................. 35
10. Nierbekken en bovenste deel van de ureter ....................................................................................... 36
10.1 Nierbekken .................................................................................................................................... 36
10.2 Bovenste deel van de urether ....................................................................................................... 36
11. Middelste deel van de urether ........................................................................................................... 36
12. Blaas ................................................................................................................................................... 37
13. Urethra ............................................................................................................................................... 37
Hoofdstuk 3 Spijsverteringsstelsel I: mondholte ............................................................................................ 38
1. Mondepitheel .......................................................................................................................................... 38
2. Lippen...................................................................................................................................................... 38
3. Tong ........................................................................................................................................................ 38
3.1 Papillen .......................................................................................................................................... 39
a. Papillae filiformes .......................................................................................................................... 39
b. Papillae Vallatae ............................................................................................................................ 40
c. Papillae fungiformes en foliatae ................................................................................................... 41
4. Het gebit ................................................................................................................................................. 41
4.1 Brachydonte tanden ...................................................................................................................... 42
4.2 Hypsodonte tanden ....................................................................................................................... 42
a. Tand in ontwikkeling ..................................................................................................................... 42
5. Speekselklieren........................................................................................................................................ 44
5.1 Glandulae salivares majores .......................................................................................................... 44
a. Glandula sublingualis .................................................................................................................... 44
b. Glandula parotis ............................................................................................................................ 44
c. Glandula submandibularis ............................................................................................................. 44
6. De tonsillen ............................................................................................................................................. 45
Hoofdstuk 3 Spijsverteringsstelsel II: Slokdarm en Maag ............................................................................... 46
1. Algemene structuur van tubulaire organen ............................................................................................ 46
a. Tunica mucosa ............................................................................................................................... 46
2
, b. Tunica muscularis .......................................................................................................................... 46
c. Tunica adventitia ........................................................................................................................... 46
d. Tunica serosa ................................................................................................................................. 46
2. Oesophagus ............................................................................................................................................ 47
2.1 Mucosa en lamina propria van de oesophagus ............................................................................. 48
2.2 De muscularis mucosae en submuceuze klieren van de oesophagus ........................................... 48
2.3 Tunica muscularis van de oesophagus .......................................................................................... 49
3. Maag ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
3.1 Overgang oesophagus-maag ......................................................................................................... 50
3.2 Mucosa in de maag: foveolae gastricae en muceuze klieren ........................................................ 50
a. Klieren in het cardiagebied ........................................................................................................... 51
b. Klieren in de maag: de fundusstreek ............................................................................................. 51
c. Klieren in de maag: pylorusstreek ................................................................................................. 52
d. Muceuze hals-nekcellen ................................................................................................................ 52
3.3 Entero-endocriene cellen .............................................................................................................. 53
3.4 Tunica muscularis .......................................................................................................................... 54
3.5 Myenterische plexus ..................................................................................................................... 54
Hoofdstuk 3: spijsverteringsstelsel III: de dunne en dikke darm ..................................................................... 55
1. Duodenum .............................................................................................................................................. 55
1.1 Tunica Mucosa .............................................................................................................................. 55
a. Celtypes in de tunica mucosa ........................................................................................................ 56
1.2 Tela Submucosa............................................................................................................................. 57
a. Plexus submucosa ......................................................................................................................... 57
1.3 Tunica Muscularis .......................................................................................................................... 58
2. Jejunum ................................................................................................................................................... 58
3. Ileum ....................................................................................................................................................... 59
4. Het enterisch zenuwstelsel...................................................................................................................... 60
5. Bloedvoorziening .................................................................................................................................... 60
6. Dikke darm .............................................................................................................................................. 61
6.1 Caecum .......................................................................................................................................... 61
6.2 Colon ............................................................................................................................................. 61
6.3 Ano-rectale overgang .................................................................................................................... 62
Hoofdstuk 3 Spijsverteringsstelsel IV: Accessoire klieren ............................................................................... 63
1. Lever........................................................................................................................................................ 63
1.1 De leverlobulus.............................................................................................................................. 63
1.2 Structuur van de leverlobulus ....................................................................................................... 64
1.3 Bloedstroom .................................................................................................................................. 64
1.4 Hepatocyten en andere celtypes .................................................................................................. 65
a. Hepatocyten .................................................................................................................................. 65
b. Endotheelcellen ............................................................................................................................. 65
c. Residerende macrofagen van de lever: ‘Kupffercellen ................................................................. 65
1.5 Andere functies van de lever......................................................................................................... 66
a. Glycogeeninsluitsels ...................................................................................................................... 66
b. Lipide-insluitsels ............................................................................................................................ 66
2. De galblaas ............................................................................................................................................. 66
3. Pancreas.................................................................................................................................................. 67
3.1 Exocriene pancreas ....................................................................................................................... 67
3.2 Endocriene pancreas ..................................................................................................................... 68
4. Hepatopancreas ...................................................................................................................................... 68
Hoofdstuk 4: Endocriene organen .................................................................................................................. 74
1. Hypofyse ................................................................................................................................................. 74
1.1 Adenohypofyse ............................................................................................................................. 74
a. Hormonen en cellen ...................................................................................................................... 75
1.2 Neurohypofyse .............................................................................................................................. 76
a. Hormonen en cellen ...................................................................................................................... 76
1.3 Microscopische anatomie van de hypofyse .................................................................................. 77
a. Pars distalis .................................................................................................................................... 77
b. Pars intermedia en pars tuberalis ................................................................................................. 78
c. Pars nervosa .................................................................................................................................. 78
1.4 Vasculaire beschouwing en de link met de werking van de hypofyse .......................................... 79
a. Poortadercirculatie en de adenohypofyse .................................................................................... 79
b. Vrijgave van hormonen in de neurohypofyse ............................................................................... 79
2. Epifyse/ pijnappelklier ............................................................................................................................. 80
2.1 Oorsprong en functie van de pijnappelklier .................................................................................. 80
2.2 Hersenzand.................................................................................................................................... 81
3. Endocriene weefsels van de testis en het ovarium ................................................................................. 81
3.1 Interstitiële cellen.......................................................................................................................... 81
3.2 Corpus Luteum .............................................................................................................................. 81
4. De endocriene pancreas .......................................................................................................................... 82
5. Bijnier ...................................................................................................................................................... 83
5.1 Bloedvoorziening ........................................................................................................................... 83
5.2 Zones van de bijnierschors ............................................................................................................ 83
a. Zona glomerulosa .......................................................................................................................... 84
b. Zona fasciculata ............................................................................................................................. 84
c. Zona reticularis .............................................................................................................................. 84
5.3 Bijniermerg .................................................................................................................................... 85
6. Schildklier en bijschildklieren .................................................................................................................. 85
6.1 Schildklier ...................................................................................................................................... 85
6.2 Bloedvoorziening ........................................................................................................................... 87
6.3 Bijschildklier .................................................................................................................................. 87
6.4 Functionele beschouwingen ......................................................................................................... 88
7. Endocriene klieren bij vogels ................................................................................................................... 88
4
, 7.1 Hypofyse bij vogels ................................................................................................................................ 88
7.2 Bijnier bij vogels ..................................................................................................................................... 88
7.3 Testis bij vogels ...................................................................................................................................... 88
7.4 Ovarium bij vogels ................................................................................................................................. 88
7.5 Pancreas bij vogels................................................................................................................................. 88
Hoofdstuk 7 Zintuigen: het oog .................................................................................................................... 114
1. Terminologie en oriëntatie.................................................................................................................... 114
2. De tunicae van het oog ......................................................................................................................... 114
2.1 Corneosclerale laag ..................................................................................................................... 114
a. De sclera ...................................................................................................................................... 114
b. De cornea .................................................................................................................................... 114
2.2 Uvea ............................................................................................................................................ 115
a. Choroïdea .................................................................................................................................... 115
b. Corpus ciliare ............................................................................................................................... 115
c. Iris ................................................................................................................................................ 116
2.3 retina ........................................................................................................................................... 117
a. Membrana limitans interna ........................................................................................................ 117
b. Laag van de opticusvezels ........................................................................................................... 118
c. De ganglionaire laag .................................................................................................................... 118
d. De buitenste plexiforme laag, de binnenste korrellaag en de binnenste plexiforme laag ......... 118
e. De buitenste korrellaag ............................................................................................................... 119
f. De membrana limitans externa ................................................................................................... 119
g. Staafjes en kegeltjes .................................................................................................................... 119
6
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