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Samenvatting Filosofie Wijsbegeerte
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FILOSOFIESamenvatting
Brysse Yme
UGent
,1
,Inhoud
1. Inleiding .............................................................................................................................. 6
1.1. Verschillende onderdelen van de filosofie .................................................................. 6
1.1.1. Metafysica ............................................................................................................ 6
1.1.2. Epistemologie ....................................................................................................... 7
1.1.3. Ethiek .................................................................................................................... 7
1.2. Methodes in de filosofie .............................................................................................. 9
1.2.1. Conceptuele analyse ............................................................................................ 9
1.2.2. Bestuderen en analyseren van geschriften .......................................................... 9
1.2.3. Gedachtenexperiment ....................................................................................... 10
1.2.4. Methodische twijfel ........................................................................................... 10
1.2.5. Toepassing en abstractie .................................................................................... 11
2. Het lichaam-geest probleem ............................................................................................ 12
2.1. Het probleem ............................................................................................................. 12
2.2. Drie gedachtenexperimenten .................................................................................... 12
2.2.1. De matrix ............................................................................................................ 12
2.2.2. Teletransport paradox (star trek) ..................................................................... 13
2.2.3. De Chinese kamer experiment ........................................................................... 13
3. De oudheid ....................................................................................................................... 14
3.1. Voor de grote drie (presocraten).............................................................................. 15
3.1.1. Natuurfilosofen .................................................................................................. 15
3.1.2. Atomisten ........................................................................................................... 16
3.1.3. Eleaten ................................................................................................................ 17
3.1.4. Sofisten ............................................................................................................... 17
3.2. De grote drie .............................................................................................................. 18
3.2.1. Socrates .............................................................................................................. 18
3.2.2. Plato.................................................................................................................... 19
3.2.3. Aristoteles .......................................................................................................... 21
3.3. Na de grote drie ......................................................................................................... 24
3.3.1. Stoïcijnen ............................................................................................................ 24
3.3.2. Epicuristen .......................................................................................................... 24
3.3.3. Neoplatonisten ................................................................................................... 26
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, 4. De Middeleeuwen ............................................................................................................ 27
4.1. Christelijke Westerse Middeleeuwen ....................................................................... 27
4.2. Arabische filosofie ..................................................................................................... 28
5. Moderne filosofie ............................................................................................................. 30
5.1. Wetenschap en de wetenschappelijke methode ...................................................... 30
5.1.1. Copernicus .......................................................................................................... 32
5.1.2. Galileo Galilei...................................................................................................... 32
5.1.3. Johannes Kepler ................................................................................................. 32
5.1.4. Isaac Newton ...................................................................................................... 33
5.2. Politieke filosofie ....................................................................................................... 34
5.3. Moderne filosofie ...................................................................................................... 35
5.3.1. Empirisme ........................................................................................................... 35
5.3.2. Rationalisme ....................................................................................................... 38
6. De verlichting.................................................................................................................... 41
6.1. Verlichting als stroming ............................................................................................. 41
6.1.1. Kritiek op religie ................................................................................................. 42
6.1.2. De maakbare mens............................................................................................. 42
6.1.3. Verspreiden van kennis ...................................................................................... 43
6.1.4. Revolutionair denken ......................................................................................... 44
6.2. Twee denkers............................................................................................................. 46
6.2.1. Spinoza ............................................................................................................... 46
6.2.2. Kant .................................................................................................................... 49
7. Denken na Kant ................................................................................................................ 54
7.1. Idealisme, Romantiek en Esthetica ........................................................................... 54
7.1.1. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel .......................................................................... 54
7.1.2. Romantiek .......................................................................................................... 56
7.1.3. Schopenhauer .................................................................................................... 57
7.2. Friedrich Nietzsche .................................................................................................... 58
7.3. Utilitarisme ................................................................................................................ 60
7.3.1. Morele calculus .................................................................................................. 61
7.3.2. Hedendaagse utilitaristen .................................................................................. 62
8. Filosofie in de 20e eeuw ................................................................................................... 63
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