This document contains flashcards of all the parasites (not the last chapter on Arthropoda) with a short summary/overview of the most important aspects of each parasite. This is helpful to keep an overview when studying. (Normally, the document is more readable when it's downloaded :) )
, Nigeria Fowleri and Acanthamoeba Castellani Protozoa:Opportunistic amoeba
• Morphology
• /
• Prevalence (geographical + type of person)
• Primary infection N. Fowleri: olfactory neuro-epithelial
• Primary infection A. Castellani: skin
• Location (body)
• CNS
• Transmission
• Human is incidental host
• Contaminated salt warm water (N. Fowleri) or all cold water (A. Castellani)
• Cycle
• /
• Symptoms
• N. Fowleri: PAM = primary amoebic meningo-encephalitis: infected CNS (poorly IS)
• A. Castellani: primary skin infection, then GAE =granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
• A. keratitis: eye infection → partial blindness
• Diagnosis
• /
• Treatment
• N. Fowleri: Difficult → needs to go through BBB; nitro-imidazoles
• A. keratitis: continuus nitro-imidazoles
3
3
(Zie slide 38 voor benamingen)
Balantidum Coli Protozoa: Cileamoeba
• Morphology
• Trophozoites: cilia, vestibulum, macro- and micronucleus
• Genetic exchange strategy
• Prevalence (geographical + type of person)
• Tropical regions
• Location (body)
• Large intestines
• Transmission
• Contaminated water/food or zoonotic <pigs
• Cycle
• Uptake → excystation in GI tract (1cyst -> 1 trophozoite!) → transveral division → feed on
bacteria →rectum: cysts
• Malnutrition → hyaluronidase enzyme →invasive
• Symptoms
• (Invasive) balantiosis: dysentery → colitis with haemorrhagic diarrhea
• Diagnosis
• Analysis of stool sample → flotation of cysts
• Treatment
• Nitro-imidazoles
4
4
2
, Giardia intestinalis/duodenalis/lamblia Protozoa: Muco-flagellates
• Morphology
• Trophozoites: 8 different flagella, 2 adhesive discs, 2 nuclei (1 cyst with 4 nuclei → 2
troph), median bodies
Trophozoite • Prevalence (geographical + type of person)
Cyst • Globoal but more in temperate and tropical zones
• Children (6-10y) , homosexuals, malnutrition, immunsuppressive, crowded conditions
• Location (body)
• Small intestines-duodenum (!more pathogenic)
• Transmission
• Zoonotic (beavere, cattle…) → !flood
• Direct: oral-faecal route → contaminated food/water
• Cycle
• Cysts → excystation in GIT → longitudinal division → rectum → cysts in environment
• Symptoms
• Mostly asymptomatic and self limiting
• Chronic (travelers) diarrhoea (with blood when invasive)), no fever, malaise, cramps ,
nausea, anorexia, steatorrhea
• Diagnosis
• Coprology on fresh stool sample or intestinal aspirates → trichrome/iodine/ HE stain
• Ag detection: Copro-ELIS, IF, PCR
• Treatment + prevention
• Metronidazole (nitro-imidazole) → DNA damage
• Filtration of drinking water, boiling food/water, good sanitation, no human mest as fertilizer
5
5
Trichomonas vaginalis Protozoa: Muco-flagellates
• Morphology
• No cysts
• Axostyle, 5 flagella, undulating membrane
• Prevalence (geographical + type of person)
• Global
• Male and female (STD), frequent with HIV, gonorrhoea, chlamydia
• Urogenital tract
• Location (body)
• Small intestines-duodenum
• Transmission
• Direct: human-to-humann
• (Homoxene) Cycle
• Sexual intercourse → throphozoite → urogenital tract → thrive in vaginal tract
• Symptoms
• Females: vulvo-vaginitis or urethritis: vaginal discharge, itch, burn, secodnary infections
• Males: 50% asymptomatic
• Diagnosis
• Demonstration of trophozoites in vaginal mucus (wet smear)
• Treatment
• Metronidazole (topical for woman and systemic for man) for all partners
6
6
3
, • Morphology
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense • Flagellum, kinetoplastid, undulating membrane, nucleus
Protozoa: Kinetoplastids
• Prevalence (geographical + type of person)
• East-Africa
• Males
• Location (body)
• Blood circulation, brain
• Transmission
• Zoonotic(not person-to-person!): wild and domestic animal reservoirs (cattle)
• Vector: Glossina morsitans (tsetse fly)
• Cycle
• In human trypomastigotes:
• In colonization stage : binary fission, migrate to lymph nodes/brains
• Pre-adapted to be accomodated in tsetse
• Tsetse feed on human → parasites taken up → midgut → trypomastigotes →salivary glands → epimastigotes
→ metacyclic trypomastigotes → infection of new host when it feeds
• Symptoms
• East-African or Rhodesian sleeping sickness: acute sleeping sickness
• LOCAL reaction on inoculum site: inoculation chancre (Winterbottom sign)
• SYSTEMIC spread in the blood and lymph nodes: stage 1: haemolymphatic stage
• CEREBRAL spread: stage 2: encephalitic (after1-few months), cross BBB and cause IFγ mediated inflammation
• Diagnosis
• Clinical: winterbottom sign (swollen lymph nodes), apathy, neurological
• Parasitological: lymph node aspirate, cerebrospinal fluid (stage 1 or 2)
• Serological: CATT (card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis) test
• Treatment + control/prevention
• Active case detection, vector control (insecticides, debushing, sterile insect techniques, traps)
• 1ste stage: IV Suramin → inhibition of glycolysis
• 2nd stage: IV Melarsoprol → inhibition of glycolysis 7
7
• Morphology
Trypansoma brucei gambiense • Flagellum, kinetoplastid, undulating membrane, nucleus
Protozoa: Kinetoplastids
• Prevalence (geographical + type of person)
• West-Africa
• Females
• Location (body)
• Blood ciruclation, brain
• Transmission
• Anthroponotic
• Vector: Glossina palpalis: riverine species
• Cycle
• In human trypomastigotes:
• In colonization stage : binary fission, migrate to lymph nodes/brains
• Pre-adapted to be accomodated in tsetse
• Tsetse feed on human → parasites taken up → midgut → trypomastigotes →salivary glands → epimastigotes
→ metacyclic trypomastigotes → infection of new host when it feeds
• Symptoms
• West-African or Gambian sleeping sickness: chronic sleeping sickness
• LOCAL reaction on inoculum site: inoculation chancre (Winterbottom sign)
• SYSTEMIC spread in the blood and lymph nodes: stage 1: haemolymphatic stage
• CEREBRAL spread: stage 2: encephalitic, parasites cross BBB and cause IFγ mediated inflammation
• Diagnosis
• Clinical: winterbottom sign (swollen lymph nodes), apathy, neurological
• Parasitological: lymph node aspirate, cerebrospinal fluid (stage 1 or 2)
• Serological: CATT (card agglutination test for trypanosomiasis) test
• Treatment
• Active case detection, vector control (insecticides, debushing, sterile insect techniques, traps)
• 1st stage: IM Pentamidin → inhibition of dihydrofolate-reductase
• 2nd stage: IV Eflornithine (NECT) → inhibition of ornithine-decarboxylase, susceptible to ROS 8
• New: oral Fexinidazole (nitro-imidazole)
8
4
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller jokestynen. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $4.89. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
