This powerpoint is the social psychology bible. I made it myself when studying psychology over the course of 2 years and I came out with an A*! With detailed notes for each study (Milgram, Sherif) as well as the theories relating to obedience and prejudice (Social Identity Theory, Social Impact The...
,OBEDIENCE- INCLUDING THEORIES, MILGRAM AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
*This was to test the idea that the Germans were more susceptible to carry out barbaric acts against the jews and other minority groups (background)
• MILGRAM A01 KNOWLEDGE
• Aims- to investigate how far participants would go obeying an authority figure, by giving electric shocks to another participant
• Sample- volunteer sample obtained by newspaper advertisements- he took from this 160 male participants who were spread evenly across 4 conditions (independent measures)
• Procedure- a laboratory experiment in Yale University (prestigious)
• two confederates- an experimenter (31 year old biology teacher dressed in a grey coat) and another ‘subject’ (47 year old accountant trained for the part
• The rooms was equipped with an impressive looking electric shock generator with flick down switches from 15 to 450 volts
• A rigged draw took place whereby the volunteer was the teacher and the confederate became the learner (the volunteer believed the study was on the effect of punishment on learning)
• The volunteer was told that the shocks would cause no permanent tissue damage and were given a trial shock of 45 volts
• The teacher and learner were taken into an adjacent room and the teacher watched the learner get strapped into an electric chair chair apparatus and have an electrode fitted round their wrist.
• The teacher and experimenter returned to the shock generator and the teacher way told that every time the learner gave an incorrect answer on a paired associate task he was to be given and ele
onto a higher level with each wrong answer
• Leaner actually received no shocks at all, series of predetermined responses and audiotaped ‘cries’ were played to give authenticity, starting mildly then up to agonizing screams then silence
• If the teacher indicated he didn’t wish to continue, 5 standardised prods were given- 1.) please continue, please on. 2.) the experiment requires that you continue 3.) it is absolutely essential that
have no other choice, you must go on 5.) if ppt still refused, study was stopped, if not it continued up to 450 volts
• Subject was then debriefed as to the real nature of the experiment and re-introduced to the learner and reassured that no shocks had actually been administered/ no damage was done.
, Milgram (1963) results and conclusions
• Milgram A01 knowledge
• Results- 65% of participants went right through to 450 volts and none stopped before 300 volts, only 14/40 stopped before 450 vol
• The subjects were asked in a post-experimental interview ‘how painful to the learner were the last few shocks you administered to h
response was 13.42 out of 14 which ranks ‘extremely painful’ on the scale, so the subjects knew they were causing a lot of pain
• He asked his students to predict how many of the 40 volunteers would continue shocking up to 450 volts and the student mean wa
than the actual amount
• Milgram said that subjects displayed sweating, trembling, stuttering biting lips, groaning and digging fingers into their flesh as well as
laughing fits and seizures. They took pains to point out in the post-experimental interviews that they were not sadistic types and did
shocking the victims.
• Conclusions- Milgram concluded that his participants blindly obeyed the authority figure, even to the point where it would physically
human being. If learner couldn’t be seen or heard they were more likely to follow orders, if they could be seen there was more emp
learner and dissent as a result.
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