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Samenvatting Biologische Psychologie 2
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Uitgebreide samenvatting van Biologische Psychologie 2, gegeven door prof. Baetens.
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Samenvatting biologischepsychologie II
,Inhoudsopgave
HOOFDSTUK 1: INLEIDING ................................................................................................................................ 5
1.1 SITUERING VAN DE CURSUS .................................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 NETWERKSTRUCTUEN: VOORBEELDEN .................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 NETWERKSTRUCTUREN: LATERALE INHIBITIE .......................................................................................................... 10
HOOFDSTUK 2: ZINTUIGEN ............................................................................................................................. 10
2.1 DEFINITIE ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 DISSOCIATIE.................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 KLASSIEKE DEFINITIES ........................................................................................................................................ 12
2.4 RECEPTOREN................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.5 ESSENTIËLE ONDERDELEN OM TE KUNNEN SPREKEN VAN EEN ZINTUIG ......................................................................... 12
2.5.1. Gespecialiseerde cellen ...................................................................................................................... 12
2.5.2. Sensorische receptor .......................................................................................................................... 13
2.5.3. Gespecialiseerde verwerking: ............................................................................................................ 13
2.5.4. Codering ............................................................................................................................................. 15
2.6. VERWEVENHEID WAARNEMING EN HANDELEN ...................................................................................................... 16
2.7 TROXLER EFFECT .............................................................................................................................................. 16
HOOFDSTUK 3: ZICHT ..................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1. HET OOG....................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.1 De stimulus: licht ................................................................................................................................. 17
3.1.2 Anatomie van het oog......................................................................................................................... 20
3.1.3 De retina ............................................................................................................................................. 23
3.1.4 Centraal en perifeer zicht .................................................................................................................... 31
3.2 HERSENREGIO’S BETROKKEN BIJ VISUELE PROCESSEN ............................................................................................... 34
3.2.1 Overzicht van het visueel circuit ......................................................................................................... 34
3.2.2 LGN ..................................................................................................................................................... 38
3.2.3. Cortex striata ..................................................................................................................................... 38
3.2.4 Cortex extrastriata .............................................................................................................................. 40
3.3 KLEURPERCEPTIE .............................................................................................................................................. 41
3.3.1. Ganglioncellen: licht en donker (= waarneming van helderheid) ...................................................... 41
3.3.2. Rol van de retina (waarneming van tint) ........................................................................................... 46
3.3.3. Cortex striata ..................................................................................................................................... 51
3.3.4 Cortex extrastriata .............................................................................................................................. 51
3.4. VORMPERCEPTIE............................................................................................................................................. 54
3.4.1. Spatiale frequentie ............................................................................................................................. 54
3.4.2. Cortex striata ..................................................................................................................................... 64
3.4.3. Cortex extrastriata ............................................................................................................................. 64
3.5. PERCEPTIE VAN SPATIALE LOCATIE ...................................................................................................................... 68
3.6. PERCEPTIE VAN ORIËNTATIE EN BEWEGING ........................................................................................................... 71
3.7. SAMENVATTING.............................................................................................................................................. 73
HOOFDSTUK 4: GEHOOR ................................................................................................................................ 75
4.1. DE STIMULUS: GELUID...................................................................................................................................... 75
4.2. ANATOMIE VAN HET OOR ................................................................................................................................. 77
4.3. HAARCELLEN EN TRANSDUCTIE .......................................................................................................................... 81
HOOFDSTUK 5: EVENWICHT ........................................................................................................................... 93
5.1. ANATOMIE VAN HET VESTIBULAIR SYSTEEM .......................................................................................................... 93
5.2. HET VESTIBULAIRE CIRCUIT................................................................................................................................ 95
5.3. SAMENVATTING.............................................................................................................................................. 98
HOOFDSTUK 6: VOELEN (TAST) ....................................................................................................................... 99
6.1. DE STIMULI.................................................................................................................................................... 99
6.2. ANATOMIE VAN DE HUID .................................................................................................................................. 99
, 6.3. STIMULATIE VAN DE HUID ............................................................................................................................... 102
6.4. HET SOMATOSENSORISCHE CIRCUIT .................................................................................................................. 104
6.5. PIJN ........................................................................................................................................................... 107
HOOFDSTUK 7: SMAAK................................................................................................................................. 112
7.1. DE STIMULI.................................................................................................................................................. 112
7.2. ANATOMIE VAN DE SMAAKPAPILLEN EN SMAAKCELLEN ......................................................................................... 112
7.3. SMAAKPERCEPTIE.......................................................................................................................................... 113
7.4. HET SMAAKCIRCUIT ....................................................................................................................................... 114
HOOFDSTUK 8: GEUR ................................................................................................................................... 115
8.1. INLEIDING.................................................................................................................................................... 115
8.2. DE STIMULUS ............................................................................................................................................... 115
8.3. ANATOMIE VAN HET OLFACTIEVE APPARAAT ....................................................................................................... 116
8.4. TRANSDUCTIE .............................................................................................................................................. 118
HOOFDSTUK 9: MOTORIEK ........................................................................................................................... 121
9.1. INLEIDING.................................................................................................................................................... 121
9.2. SKELETSPIEREN (= GESTREEPTE SPIEREN) ........................................................................................................... 121
9.4. MOTORIEK EN HET BREIN................................................................................................................................ 133
9.4.3. De motorische associatiecortex ....................................................................................................... 136
9.4.4. Subcorticale structuren .................................................................................................................... 141
9.5. COMPLEXE MOTORIEK.................................................................................................................................... 155
9.5.1. Spiegelneuronen .............................................................................................................................. 155
9.5.2 Corollary Discharge ........................................................................................................................... 159
HOOFDSTUK 10: SLAAP EN BIOLOGISCHE RITMES ........................................................................................ 162
10.1. INLEIDING.................................................................................................................................................. 162
10.2. WAT IS SLAAP? .......................................................................................................................................... 163
10.2.1. Slaapstadia .................................................................................................................................... 163
10.2.2. Hersenactiviteit tijdens de slaap .................................................................................................... 170
10.3. WAAROM SLAPEN WE? ................................................................................................................................ 171
10.3.1. Functies van de SWS-slaap ............................................................................................................ 171
10.3.2 Functies van de REM-slaap ............................................................................................................. 174
10.3.3 Slaap en leren ................................................................................................................................. 174
10.4. FYSIOLOGISCHE SLAAP-/WAAKMECHANISMES ................................................................................................... 176
10.4.1 Neurale controle van slaap ............................................................................................................. 176
10.5. SLAAPSTOORNISSEN .................................................................................................................................... 193
10.5.1. Insomnie ........................................................................................................................................ 193
10.5.2 Narcolepsie ..................................................................................................................................... 195
10.5.3. REM-slaap gedragsstoornis ........................................................................................................... 197
10.5.4 SWS problemen ............................................................................................................................... 197
10.6. BIOLOGISCHE KLOKKEN ................................................................................................................................ 197
10.6.1. Circadiaanse ritmes ....................................................................................................................... 197
10.6.2 Nucleus suprachiamsaticus ............................................................................................................. 199
10.6.3 Pijnappelklein en melatonine .......................................................................................................... 202
10.6.4. Shiften en jet lag ............................................................................................................................ 202
HOOFDSTUK 11: STRESS ............................................................................................................................... 203
11.1. INLEIDING.................................................................................................................................................. 203
11.1.1 De Stress-respons ............................................................................................................................ 203
11.2 FYSIOLOGIE................................................................................................................................................. 205
11.2.1 De Stress-respons ............................................................................................................................ 205
11.3 STRESS EN EVOLUTIE ..................................................................................................................................... 208
11.3.1 Parallellen tussen soorten ............................................................................................................... 208
Evolutie: ..................................................................................................................................................... 208
11.3.2 Trade-offs ........................................................................................................................................ 208
, 11.3.3 Stress en vroege ervaringen ............................................................................................................ 209
11.3.4 Prenatale stress .............................................................................................................................. 210
11.3.5 De rol van zorg ................................................................................................................................ 211
11.4 STRESS, DE MENS EN PSYCHOPATHOLOGIE ........................................................................................................ 212
11.4.1 Impact op hippocampus.................................................................................................................. 212
11.4.2 Adaptiviteit van de stressrespons ................................................................................................... 212
11.4.3 Invloeden op mentale stress ........................................................................................................... 213
11.4.4 Psychopathologie ............................................................................................................................ 213
11.4.5 Adaptiviteit revisited ....................................................................................................................... 214
11.4.6 Lange termijn gezondheidseffecten ................................................................................................ 214
11.4.7 Psycho-neuro-immunologie ............................................................................................................ 215
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